Liquid crystal display device

ABSTRACT

There is provided a liquid crystal display device that includes a liquid crystal composition and a color filter having a particular slope parameter that indicates the degree of aggregation of an organic pigment. The liquid crystal display device prevents a decrease in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) and an increase in the ion density (ID) in a liquid crystal layer and resolves the problems of display defects, such as white streaks, variations in alignment, and image sticking. The liquid crystal display device prevents a decrease in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) and an increase in the ion density (ID) in a liquid crystal layer and suppressing display defects such as image sticking. Therefore, the liquid crystal display device is useful for active matrix driving liquid crystal display devices with an IPS mode or an FFS mode and can be applied to liquid crystal display devices.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device.

BACKGROUND ART

Liquid crystal display devices have been used for clocks, calculators,household electric appliances, measuring instruments, panels forautomobiles, word processors, electronic organizers, printers,computers, televisions, etc. Typical examples of a liquid crystaldisplay mode include a TN (twisted nematic) mode, an STN (super twistednematic) mode, a DS (dynamic scattering) mode, a GH (guest-host) mode,an IPS (in-plane switching) mode, an OCB (optically compensatedbirefringence) mode, an ECB (electrically controlled birefringence)mode, a VA (vertical alignment) mode, a CSH (color super-homeotropic)mode, and FLC (ferroelectric liquid crystal). The driving method hasbeen changed from conventional static driving to multiplex driving, andpassive matrix driving and, recently, active matrix (AM) drivingperformed using, for example, TFTs (thin film transistors) and TFDs(thin film diodes) have become the predominantly used driving method.

Referring to FIG. 1, a typical liquid crystal color display deviceincludes two substrates (1) each having an alignment film (4), atransparent electrode layer (3 a) serving as a common electrode and acolor filter layer (2) which are disposed between one of the substratesand the alignment film of the one substrate, and a pixel electrode layer(3 b) between the other substrate and the alignment film of that othersubstrate. The substrates are arranged so that the alignment films faceeach other and a liquid crystal layer (5) is sandwiched between thealignment films.

The color filter layer is constituted by a color filter that includes ablack matrix, a red colored layer (R), a green colored layer (G), a bluecolored layer (B), and, if needed, a yellow colored layer (Y).

Liquid crystal materials constituting such liquid crystal layers havebeen subjected to high levels of impurity control since impuritiesremaining in the materials significantly affect electrical properties ofdisplay devices. Regarding the materials that form alignment films, ithas been known that the alignment films come into direct contact withthe liquid crystal layer and impurities remaining in alignment filmsmigrate to the liquid crystal layer, so that the impurities affectelectrical properties of the liquid crystal layer. Studies are now beingconducted in order to determine the properties of liquid crystal displaydevices affected by the impurities in the alignment film materials.

Materials, such as organic pigments, used in the color filter layer arealso presumed to affect the liquid crystal layer due to impuritiescontained in the materials as with the case of the alignment filmmaterials. However, since an alignment film and a transparent electrodeare interposed between the color filter layer and the liquid crystallayer, the direct effects on the liquid crystal layer have beenconsidered to be significantly low compared to those of the alignmentfilm materials. However, alignment films are usually as thin as 0.1 μmor less in thickness. Transparent electrodes that serve ascolor-filter-layer-side common electrodes are thick so as to enhance theelectrical conductivity; however, the thickness thereof is usually onlyas large as 0.5 μm or less. Accordingly, the color filter layer and theliquid crystal layer are not completely separated from each other. Thereis a possibility that impurities contained in the color filter layer maymigrate through the alignment film and the transparent electrode andcause a decrease in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) and an increase inthe ion density (ID) in the liquid crystal layer, thereby leading todisplay defects such as white streaks, variations in alignment, andimage sticking.

Studies have been conducted to find a way to resolve display defectscaused by impurities contained in pigments in color filters: a method ofcontrolling release of impurities into liquid crystals by using apigment in which the content of extracts obtained with ethyl formate islimited to a particular value or less (PTL 1) and a method ofcontrolling release of impurities into liquid crystals by specifying thepigment in the blue colored layer (PTL 2). However, these methods do notdiffer much from simply decreasing the amounts of impurities in thepigment and fail to provide sufficient improvements that resolve thedisplay defects even under the recent progress in pigment purificationtechnologies.

Also disclosed are a method that focuses on the relationship betweenorganic impurities contained in the color filter and a liquid crystalcomposition, in which insolubility of the organic impurities in theliquid crystal layer is indicated by a hydrophobicity parameter ofliquid crystal molecules contained in the liquid crystal layer and thevalue of this hydrophobicity parameter is controlled to a particularvalue or higher and a method of preparing a liquid crystal compositionthat contains a particular fraction or more of a liquid crystal compoundhaving a —OCF₃ group at an end of the liquid crystal molecule sincethere is a correlation between this hydrophobicity parameter and the—OCF₃ group at an end of a liquid crystal molecule (PTL 3).

However, the essence of the invention disclosed in this literature is tosuppress effects of impurities in the pigment on the liquid crystallayer and thus a direct relationship between the structure of the liquidcrystal material and the properties of the coloring material itself suchas dyes and pigments used in the color filter has not been investigated.This literature does not resolve the problems related to display defectsof liquid crystal display devices that have become sophisticated.

CITATION LIST Patent Literature

PTL 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-19321

PTL 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No.2009-109542

PTL 3: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No.2000-192040

SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem

The present invention provides a liquid crystal display device thatincludes a particular liquid crystal composition and a color filterhaving a particular slope parameter that indicates the degree ofaggregation of an organic pigment, to thereby prevent a decrease in thevoltage holding ratio (VHR) and an increase in the ion density (ID) inthe liquid crystal layer, and to resolve the problems of displaydefects, such as white streaks, variations in alignment, and imagesticking.

Solution to Problem

The inventors of the present invention have extensively studied thecombination of the color filter containing an organic pigment and thestructure of the liquid crystal material constituting the liquid crystallayer to address the problems described above. As a result, theinventors have found that a liquid crystal display device that includesa particular liquid crystal material and a color filter having aparticular slope parameter is capable of preventing a decrease in thevoltage holding ratio (VHR) and an increase in the ion density (ID) inthe liquid crystal layer and resolving the problems of display defectssuch as white streaks, variations in alignment, and image sticking.Thus, the inventors have completed the present invention.

That is, the present invention provides a liquid crystal display deviceincluding a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystalcomposition layer sandwiched between the first substrate and the secondsubstrate, a color filter constituted by a black matrix and at least RGBthree-color pixel portions, a pixel electrode, and a common electrode,

wherein the liquid crystal composition layer contains a liquid crystalcomposition that contains one or more compounds represented by generalformula (I),

(in the formula, R³¹ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbonatoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl grouphaving 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 10carbon atoms; M³¹ to M³³ each independently represent atrans-1,4-cyclohexylene group or a 1,4-phenylene group, one or two —CH₂—in the trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group may be substituted with —O— as longas oxygen atoms are not directly adjacent to each other, and one or twohydrogen atoms in the phenylene group may be substituted with fluorineatoms; X³¹ and X³² each independently represent a hydrogen atom or afluorine atom; Z³¹ represents a fluorine atom, a trifluoromethoxy group,or a trifluoromethyl group; n³¹ and n³² each independently represent 0,1, or 2 and n³¹+n³² is 0, 1, or 2; and when a plurality of M³¹ and M³³are present, the plurality of M³¹ may be the same or different and theplurality of M³³ may be the same or different) and that contains one ormore compounds selected from the group consisting of compoundsrepresented by general formula (II-a) to general formula (II-f),

(in the formulae, R¹⁹ to R³⁰ each independently represent an alkyl grouphaving 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbonatoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; and X²¹represents a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom),

the color filter is a color filter containing an organic pigment, and

in a scattering profile analysis of the organic pigment in the colorfilter, the analysis including a step (A) of measuring an ultra-smallangle X-ray profile of the organic pigment by ultra-small angle X-rayscattering, a step (B) of calculating a curve point on the scatteringprofile, a step (C) of calculating an analysis region (c1) set inaccordance with the curve point, and a step (D) of calculating a slopeparameter in the analysis region c1, the slope parameter in the analysisregion (c1) is 2 or less.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

The liquid crystal display device according to the present inventionincludes a particular liquid crystal composition and a color filterhaving a particular slope parameter that indicates the degree ofaggregation of an organic pigment, so that a decrease in the voltageholding ratio (VHR) and an increase in the ion density (ID) in theliquid crystal layer can be prevented and display defects such as whitestreaks, variations in alignment, and image sticking can be prevented.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a conventional typical liquidcrystal display device.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a liquid crystal displaydevice according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows transmission spectra of color filters.

FIG. 4 shows transmission spectra of color filters.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

-   -   1 substrate    -   2 color filter layer    -   2 a color filter layer having a particular slope parameter    -   3 a transparent electrode layer (common electrode)    -   3 b pixel electrode layer    -   4 alignment film    -   5 liquid crystal layer    -   5 a liquid crystal layer containing a particular liquid crystal        composition

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 2 shows an example of a liquid crystal display device according tothe present invention. A transparent electrode layer (3 a) that servesas a common electrode and a color filter layer (2 a) that has aparticular slope parameter are disposed between one of two substrates(1), i.e., a first substrate and a second substrate, each having analignment film (4), and the alignment film of that one substrate. Apixel electrode layer (3 b) is disposed between the other substrate andthe alignment film of that substrate. These substrates are arranged sothat the alignment films face each other and a liquid crystal layer (5a) containing a particular liquid crystal composition is sandwichedbetween the alignment films.

The two substrates of the display device are bonded to each other with asealer and a sealing material disposed in the peripheral region. In mostcases, granular spacers or resin spacer columns formed byphotolithography are disposed between the two substrates to maintain thesubstrate-to-substrate distance.

(Liquid Crystal Layer)

A liquid crystal layer in a liquid crystal display device according tothe present invention contains a liquid crystal composition thatcontains one or more compounds represented by general formula (I),

(in the formula, R³¹ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbonatoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl grouphaving 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 10carbon atoms; M³¹ to M³³ each independently represent atrans-1,4-cyclohexylene group or a 1,4-phenylene group, one or two —CH₂—in the trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group may be substituted with —O— as longas oxygen atoms are not directly adjacent to each other, and one or twohydrogen atoms in the phenylene group may be substituted with fluorineatoms; X³¹ and X³² each independently represent a hydrogen atom or afluorine atom; Z³¹ represents a fluorine atom, a trifluoromethoxy group,or a trifluoromethyl group; n³¹ and n³² each independently represent 0,1, or 2 and n³¹+n³² is 0, 1, or 2; and when a plurality of M³¹ and M³³are present, the plurality of M³¹ may be the same or different and theplurality of M³³ may be the same or different) and that contains one ormore compounds selected from the group consisting of compoundsrepresented by general formula (II-a) to general formula (II-f),

(in the formulae, R¹⁹ to R³⁰ each independently represent an alkyl grouphaving 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbonatoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; and X²¹represents a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom).

In the general formula (I), when the ring structure to which R³¹ bondsis a phenyl group (aromatic group), R³¹ preferably represents a linearalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a linear alkoxy group having 1to 4 (or more) carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 4 or 5 carbonatoms. When the ring structure to which R³¹ bonds is a saturated ringstructure such as cyclohexane, pyran, or dioxane, R³¹ preferablyrepresents a linear alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a linearalkoxy group having 1 to 4 (or more) carbon atoms, or a linear alkenylgroup having 2 to 5 carbon atoms.

When an importance is given to good chemical stability to heat andlight, R³¹ preferably represents an alkyl group. When an importance isgiven to production of a liquid crystal display element having highresponse speed due to low viscosity, R³¹ preferably represents analkenyl group. Furthermore, for the purpose of decreasing the viscosity,increasing the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature (Tni), andfurther improving the response speed, an alkenyl group whose terminalbond is not an unsaturated bond is preferably used and an alkenyl grouphaving a methyl group bonded to the terminal of the alkenyl group isparticularly preferably used. When an importance is given to highsolubility at low temperature, R³¹ preferably represents an alkoxy groupas one solution strategy. In another solution strategy, multiple typesof R³¹ are preferably used together. For example, R³¹ is preferably acombination of compounds having alkyl groups or alkenyl groups having 2,3, and 4 carbon atoms, a combination of compounds having alkyl groups oralkenyl groups having 3 and 5 carbon atoms, or a combination ofcompounds having alkyl groups or alkenyl groups having 3, 4, and 5carbon atoms. M³¹ to M³³ preferably have the following structures.

M³¹ preferably has the following structures.

M³¹ more preferably has the following structures.

M³² preferably has the following structures.

M³² more preferably has the following structures.

M³² further preferably has the following structures.

M³³ preferably has the following structures.

M³³ more preferably has the following structures.

M³³ further preferably has the following structure.

At least one of X³¹ and X³² preferably represents a fluorine atom andboth of X³¹ and X³² more preferably represent fluorine atoms.

Z³¹ preferably represents a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethoxy group.

Regarding the combination of X³¹, X³², and Z³¹, in one embodiment,X³¹=F, X³²=F, and Z³¹=F. In another embodiment, X³¹=F, X³²=H, and Z³¹=F.In still another embodiment, X³¹=F, X³²=H, and Z³¹=OCF₃. In stillanother embodiment, X³¹=F, X³²=F, and Z³¹=OCF₃. In still anotherembodiment, X³¹=H, X³²=H, and Z³¹=OCF₃.n³¹ preferably represents 1 or 2, n³² preferably represents 0 or 1 andmore preferably 0, and n³¹+n³² preferably represents 1 or 2 and morepreferably 2.

More specifically, the compounds represented by the general formula (I)are preferably compounds represented by general formula (I-a) to generalformula (I-f) below.

(In the formulae, R³² represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbonatoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl grouphaving 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 10carbon atoms, X³¹ to X³⁸ each independently represent a hydrogen atom ora fluorine atom, and Z³¹ represents a fluorine atom, a trifluoromethoxygroup, or a trifluoromethyl group.)

In the general formula (Ia) to the general formula (If), when the ringstructure to which R³² bonds is a phenyl group (aromatic group), R³²preferably represents a linear alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, alinear alkoxy group having 1 to 4 (or more) carbon atoms, or an alkenylgroup having 4 or 5 carbon atoms. When the ring structure to which R³²bonds is a saturated ring structure such as cyclohexane, pyran, ordioxane, R³² preferably represents a linear alkyl group having 1 to 5carbon atoms, a linear alkoxy group having 1 to 4 (or more) carbonatoms, or a linear alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms.

When an importance is given to good chemical stability to heat andlight, R³¹ preferably represents an alkyl group. When an importance isgiven to production of a liquid crystal display element having highresponse speed due to low viscosity, R³¹ preferably represents analkenyl group. Furthermore, for the purpose of decreasing the viscosity,increasing the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature (Tni), andfurther improving the response speed, an alkenyl group whose terminalbond is not an unsaturated bond is preferably used and an alkenyl grouphaving a methyl group bonded to the terminal of the alkenyl group isparticularly preferably used. When an importance is given to highsolubility at low temperature, R³¹ preferably represents an alkoxy groupas one solution strategy. In another solution strategy, multiple typesof R³¹ are preferably used together. For example, R³¹ is preferably acombination of compounds having alkyl groups or alkenyl groups having 2,3, and 4 carbon atoms, a combination of compounds having alkyl groups oralkenyl groups having 3 and 5 carbon atoms, or a combination ofcompounds having alkyl groups or alkenyl groups having 3, 4, and 5carbon atoms.

At least one of X³¹ and X³² preferably represents a fluorine atom andboth of X³¹ and X³² more preferably represent fluorine atoms.

Z³¹ preferably represents a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethoxy group.

Regarding the combination of X³¹, X³², and Z³¹, in one embodiment,X³¹=F, X³²=F, and Z³¹=F. In another embodiment, X³¹=F, X³²=H, and Z³¹=F.In still another embodiment, X³¹=F, X³²=H, and Z³¹=OCF₃. In stillanother embodiment, X³¹=F, X³²=F, and Z³¹=OCF₃. In still anotherembodiment, X³¹=H, X³²=H, and Z³¹=OCF₃.n³¹ preferably represents 1 or 2, n³² preferably represents 0 or 1 andmore preferably 0, and n³¹+n³² preferably represents 1 or 2 and morepreferably 2.At least one of X³³ and X³⁴ preferably represents a fluorine atom andboth of X³³ and X³⁴ more preferably represent fluorine atoms.

At least one of X³⁵ and X³⁶ preferably represents a fluorine atom.However, it is not preferred that both of X³⁵ and X³⁶ represent fluorineatoms in view of Tni, solubility at low temperature, and chemicalstability in the form of a liquid crystal display element, though thereis a good effect when Δ∈ is increased.

At least one of X³⁷ and X³⁸ preferably represents a hydrogen atom andboth of X³⁷ and X³⁸ more preferably represent hydrogen atoms. It is notpreferred that at least one of X³⁷ and X³⁸ represent a fluorine atom inview of Tni, solubility at low temperature, and chemical stability inthe form of a liquid crystal display element.

One to eight of the compounds represented by the general formula (I) arepreferably contained, and one to five of the compounds are particularlypreferably contained. The content of the compounds is preferably 3 to 50mass % and more preferably 5 to 40 mass %.

In the general formula (IIa) to the general formula (IIf), when the ringstructure to which each of R¹⁹ to R³⁰ bonds is a phenyl group (aromaticgroup), each of R¹⁹ to R³⁰ preferably represents a linear alkyl grouphaving 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a linear alkoxy group having 1 to 4 (ormore) carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 4 or 5 carbon atoms. Whenthe ring structure to which each of R¹⁹ to R³⁰ bonds is a saturated ringstructure such as cyclohexane, pyran, or dioxane, each of R¹⁹ to R³⁰preferably represents a linear alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, alinear alkoxy group having 1 to 4 (or more) carbon atoms, or a linearalkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms.

When an importance is given to good chemical stability to heat andlight, each of R¹⁹ to R³⁰ preferably represents an alkyl group. When animportance is given to production of a liquid crystal display elementhaving high response speed due to low viscosity, each of R¹⁹ to R³⁰preferably represents an alkenyl group. Furthermore, for the purpose ofdecreasing the viscosity, increasing the nematic-isotropic phasetransition temperature (Tni), and further improving the response speed,an alkenyl group whose terminal bond is not an unsaturated bond ispreferably used and an alkenyl group having a methyl group bonded to theterminal of the alkenyl group is particularly preferably used. When animportance is given to high solubility at low temperature, each of R¹⁹to R³⁰ preferably represents an alkoxy group as one solution strategy.In another solution strategy, multiple types of R¹⁹ to R³⁰ arepreferably used together. For example, each of R¹⁹ to R³⁰ is preferablya combination of compounds having alkyl groups or alkenyl groups having2, 3, and 4 carbon atoms, a combination of compounds having alkyl groupsor alkenyl groups having 3 and 5 carbon atoms, or a combination ofcompounds having alkyl groups or alkenyl groups having 3, 4, and 5carbon atoms.

R¹⁹ and R²⁰ preferably represent an alkyl group or an alkoxy group andat least one of R¹⁹ and R²⁰ preferably represents an alkoxy group. Morepreferably, R¹⁹ represents an alkyl group and R²⁰ represents an alkoxygroup. Further preferably, R¹⁹ represents an alkyl group having 3 to 5carbon atoms and R²⁰ represents an alkoxy group having 1 or 2 carbonatoms.

R²¹ and R²² preferably represent an alkyl group or an alkenyl group andat least one of R²¹ and R²² preferably represents an alkenyl group. Acompound in which both R²¹ and R²² are alkenyl groups is suitably usedto improve the response speed, but is not preferred in the case wherethe chemical stability of a liquid crystal display element is improved.

At least one of R²³ and R²⁴ preferably represents an alkyl group having1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or analkenyl group having 4 or 5 carbon atoms. To achieve good balancebetween response speed and Tni, at least one of R²³ and R²⁴ preferablyrepresents an alkenyl group. To achieve good balance between responsespeed and solubility at low temperature, at least one of R²³ and R²⁴preferably represents an alkoxy group.

At least one of R²⁵ and R²⁶ preferably represents an alkyl group having1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or analkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. To achieve a good balancebetween response speed and Tni, at least one of R²⁵ and R²⁶ preferablyrepresents an alkenyl group. To achieve a good balance between responsespeed and solubility at low temperature, at least one of R²⁵ and R²⁶preferably represents an alkoxy group. More preferably, R²⁵ representsan alkenyl group and R²⁶ represents an alkyl group. It is also preferredthat R²⁵ represent an alkyl group and R²⁶ represent an alkoxy group.

At least one of R²⁷ and R²⁸ preferably represents an alkyl group having1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or analkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. To achieve a good balancebetween response speed and Tni, at least one of R²⁷ and R²⁸ preferablyrepresents an alkenyl group. To achieve a good balance between responsespeed and solubility at low temperature, at least one of R²⁷ and R²⁸preferably represents an alkoxy group. More preferably, R²⁷ representsan alkyl group or an alkenyl group and R²⁸ represents an alkyl group. Itis also preferred that R²⁷ represent an alkyl group and R²⁸ represent analkoxy group. Furthermore, it is particularly preferred that R²⁷represent an alkyl group and R²⁸ represent an alkyl group.

X²¹ is preferably a fluorine atom.

At least one of R²⁹ and R³⁰ preferably represents an alkyl group having1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 4 or 5 carbon atoms. Toachieve a good balance between response speed and Tni, at least one ofR²⁹ and R³⁰ preferably represents an alkenyl group. To achieve goodreliability, at least one of R²⁹ and R³⁰ preferably represents an alkylgroup. More preferably, R²⁹ represents an alkyl group or an alkenylgroup and R³⁰ represents an alkyl group or an alkenyl group. It is alsopreferred that R²⁹ represent an alkyl group and R³⁰ represent an alkenylgroup. Furthermore, it is also preferred that R²⁹ represent an alkylgroup and R³⁰ represent an alkyl group.

One to ten of the compounds represented by the general formula (II-a) tothe general formula (II-f) are preferably contained, and one to eight ofthe compounds are particularly preferably contained. The content of thecompounds is preferably 5 to 80 mass %, more preferably 10 to 70 mass %,and particularly preferably 20 to 60 mass %.

A liquid crystal composition layer in a liquid crystal display deviceaccording to the present invention may further contain one or morecompounds selected from the group consisting of compounds represented bygeneral formula (III-a) to general formula (III-f).

(In the formulae, R⁴¹ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbonatoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl grouphaving 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 10carbon atoms, X⁴¹ to X⁴⁸ each independently represent a hydrogen atom ora fluorine atom, and Z⁴¹ represents a fluorine atom, a trifluoromethoxygroup, or a trifluoromethyl group.)

In the general formula (IIIa) to the general formula (IIIf), when thering structure to which R⁴¹ bonds is a phenyl group (aromatic group),R⁴¹ preferably represents a linear alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbonatoms, a linear alkoxy group having 1 to 4 (or more) carbon atoms, or analkenyl group having 4 or 5 carbon atoms. When the ring structure towhich R⁴¹ bonds is a saturated ring structure such as cyclohexane,pyran, or dioxane, R⁴¹ preferably represents a linear alkyl group having1 to 5 carbon atoms, a linear alkoxy group having 1 to 4 (or more)carbon atoms, or a linear alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms.

When an importance is given to good chemical stability to heat andlight, R⁴¹ preferably represents an alkyl group. When an importance isgiven to production of a liquid crystal display element having highresponse speed due to low viscosity, R⁴¹ preferably represents analkenyl group. Furthermore, for the purpose of decreasing the viscosity,increasing the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature (Tni), andfurther improving the response speed, an alkenyl group whose terminalbond is not an unsaturated bond is preferably used and an alkenyl grouphaving a methyl group bonded to the terminal of the alkenyl group isparticularly preferably used. When an importance is given to highsolubility at low temperature, R⁴¹ preferably represents an alkoxy groupas one solution strategy. In another solution strategy, multiple typesof R⁴¹ are preferably used together. For example, R⁴¹ is preferably acombination of compounds having alkyl groups or alkenyl groups having 2,3, and 4 carbon atoms, a combination of compounds having alkyl groups oralkenyl groups having 3 and 5 carbon atoms, or a combination ofcompounds having alkyl groups or alkenyl groups having 3, 4, and 5carbon atoms.

At least one of X⁴¹ and X⁴² preferably represents a fluorine atom andboth of X⁴¹ and X⁴² more preferably represent fluorine atoms.

Z⁴¹ preferably represents a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethoxy group.

Regarding the combination of X⁴¹, X⁴², and Z⁴¹, in one embodiment,X⁴¹=F, X⁴²=F, and Z⁴¹=F. In another embodiment, X⁴¹=F, X⁴²=H, and Z⁴¹=F.In still another embodiment, X⁴¹=F, X⁴²=H, and Z⁴¹=OCF₃. In stillanother embodiment, X⁴¹=F, X⁴²=F, and Z⁴¹=OCF₃. In still anotherembodiment, X⁴¹=H, X⁴²=H, and Z⁴¹=OCF₃.At least one of X⁴³ and X⁴⁴ preferably represents a fluorine atom andboth of X⁴³ and X⁴⁴ preferably represent fluorine atoms to increase Δ∈.However, it is not preferred that both of X⁴³ and X⁴⁴ represent fluorineatoms in terms of improvement in solubility at low temperature.

At least one of X⁴⁵ and X⁴⁶ preferably represents a hydrogen atom andboth of X⁴⁵ and X⁴⁶ more preferably represent hydrogen atoms. The use offluorine atoms in a large amount is not preferred in view of Tni,solubility at low temperature, and chemical stability in the form of aliquid crystal display element.

At least one of X⁴⁷ and X⁴⁸ preferably represents a hydrogen atom andboth of X⁴⁷ and X⁴⁸ more preferably represent hydrogen atoms. It is notpreferred that at least one of X⁴⁷ and X⁴⁸ represent a fluorine atom inview of Tni, solubility at low temperature, and chemical stability inthe form of a liquid crystal display element.

One to ten of the compounds selected from the group consisting of thecompounds represented by the general formula (III-a) to the generalformula (III-f) are preferably contained and one to eight of thecompounds are more preferably contained. The content of the compounds ispreferably 5 to 50 mass % and more preferably 10 to 40 mass %.

In the liquid crystal composition of the liquid crystal compositionlayer in the liquid crystal display device according to the presentinvention, Δ∈ at 25° C. is preferably +1.5 or more. In order to achievehigh response speed, Δ∈ at 25° C. is preferably +1.5 to +4.0 and morepreferably +1.5 to +3.0. In order to achieve low-voltage driving, Δ∈ at25° C. is preferably +8.0 to +18.0 and more preferably +10.0 to +15.0.Furthermore, Δn at 25° C. is preferably 0.08 to 0.14 and more preferably0.09 to 0.13. More specifically, Δn is preferably 0.10 to 0.13 when asmall cell gap is employed and 0.08 to 0.10 when a large cell gap isemployed. Moreover, η at 20° C. is preferably 5 to 45 mPa·s, morepreferably 5 to 25 mPa·s, and particularly preferably 10 to 20 mPa·s.T_(ni) is preferably 60° C. to 120° C., more preferably 70° C. to 100°C., and particularly preferably 70° C. to 85° C.

In addition to the above compounds, the liquid crystal composition inthe present invention may contain typical nematic liquid crystal,smectic liquid crystal, and cholesteric liquid crystal.

The liquid crystal composition according to the present invention maycontain at least one polymerizable compound for the purpose of producinga liquid crystal display element with, for example, a PS mode, atransverse electric field-type PSA mode, or a transverse electricfield-type PSVA mode. For example, a photopolymerizable monomer whosepolymerization proceeds with energy rays such as light can be used asthe polymerizable compound. In terms of structure, a polymerizablecompound having a liquid crystal skeleton formed by bonding a pluralityof six-membered rings, such as a biphenyl derivative or a terphenylderivative, is exemplified. More specifically, the polymerizablecompound is preferably a bifunctional monomer represented by generalformula (V).

(In the formula, X⁵¹ and X⁵² each independently represent a hydrogenatom or a methyl group and Sp¹ and Sp² each independently represent asingle bond, an alkylene group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or—O—(CH₂)_(s)— (where s represents an integer of 2 to 7 and the oxygenatom bonds to an aromatic ring); Z⁵¹ represents —OCH₂—, —CH₂O—, —COO—,—OCO—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CF₂CF₂—, —CH═CH—COO—, —CH═CH—OCO—,—COO—CH═CH—, —OCO—CH═CH—, —COO—CH₂CH₂—, —OCO—CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—COO—,—CH₂CH₂—OCO—, —COO—CH₂—, —OCO—CH₂—, —CH₂—COO—, —CH₂—OCO—, —CY¹═CY²—(where Y¹ and Y² each independently represent a fluorine atom or ahydrogen atom), —C≡C—, or a single bond; andM⁵¹ represents a 1,4-phenylene group, a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group,or a single bond and, in all the 1,4-phenylene groups in the generalformula, any of hydrogen atoms may be substituted with fluorine atoms.)

The polymerizable compound is preferably any of a diacrylate derivativein which X⁵¹ and X⁵² each represent a hydrogen atom and a dimethacrylatederivative in which X⁵¹ and X⁵² each represent a methyl group, and isalso preferably a compound in which one of X⁵¹ and X⁵² represents ahydrogen atom and the other represents a methyl group. Among thesecompounds, the diacrylate derivative has the highest rate ofpolymerization, the dimethacrylate derivative has a low rate ofpolymerization, and the asymmetrical compound has an intermediate rateof polymerization. A preferred one can be used in accordance with theapplications. In a PSA display element, the dimethacrylate derivative isparticularly preferably used.

Sp¹ and Sp² each independently represent a single bond, an alkylenegroup having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or —O—(CH₂)_(s)—. In a PSA displayelement, at least one of Sp¹ and Sp² preferably represents a singlebond. A compound in which Sp¹ and Sp² each represent a single bond or acompound in which one of Sp¹ and Sp² represents a single bond and theother represents an alkylene group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or—O—(CH₂)_(s)— is preferred. In this case, an alkyl group having 1 to 4carbon atoms is preferred and s is preferably 1 to 4.

Z⁵¹ preferably represents —OCH₂—, —CH₂O—, —COO—, —OCO—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—,—CH₂CH₂—, —CF₂CF₂—, or a single bond, more preferably represents —COO—,—OCO—, or a single bond, and particularly preferably represents a singlebond.

M⁵¹ represents a 1,4-phenylene group in which any of hydrogen atoms maybe substituted with fluorine atoms, a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group, ora single bond and preferably represents the 1,4-phenylene group or asingle bond. When C represents a ring structure other than a singlebond, Z⁵¹ preferably represents a linking group other than a singlebond. When M⁵¹ represents a single bond, Z⁵¹ preferably represents asingle bond.

In view of the foregoing, the ring structure between Sp¹ and Sp² in thegeneral formula (V) is preferably the following structure.

In the case where M⁵¹ represents a single bond and the ring structure isconstituted by two rings in the general formula (V), the ring structureis preferably represented by formula (Va-1) to formula (Va-5) below,more preferably represented by formula (Va-1) to formula (Va-3), andparticularly preferably represented by formula (Va-1).

(In the formulae, both ends bond to Sp¹ and Sp².)

The anchoring strength after the polymerization of the polymerizablecompound having such a skeleton is suitable for PSA-type liquid crystaldisplay elements, and a good alignment state is achieved. Therefore, thedisplay unevenness is suppressed or completely prevented.

Accordingly, the polymerizable compound is particularly preferablyrepresented by general formula (V-1) to general formula (V-4) and mostpreferably represented by general formula (V-2).

(In the formulae, Sp² represents an alkylene group having 2 to 5 carbonatoms.)

In the case where the polymerizable compound is added to the liquidcrystal composition of the present invention, polymerization proceedswithout a polymerization initiator, but a polymerization initiator maybe contained to facilitate the polymerization. Examples of thepolymerization initiator include benzoin ethers, benzophenones,acetophenones, benzylketals, and acylphosphine oxides.

The liquid crystal composition containing the polymerizable compound inthe present invention is provided with liquid crystal alignmentcapability by polymerizing the polymerizable compound throughirradiation with ultraviolet rays and is used for liquid crystal displayelements that control the amount of transmitted light by using thebirefringence of the liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystalcomposition is useful for liquid crystal display elements such as anAM-LCD (active matrix liquid crystal display element), a TN (nematicliquid crystal display element), an STN-LCD (super-twisted nematicliquid crystal display element), an OCB-LCD, and an IPS-LCD (in-planeswitching liquid crystal display element). The liquid crystalcomposition is particularly useful for AM-LCDs and can be used fortransmission or reflection-type liquid crystal display elements.

(Color Filter)

A color filter according to the present invention contains an organicpigment, and thus absorbs light having a particular wavelength andtransmits light having a wavelength other than the particularwavelength.

Any base may be used as long as the base transmits light and may besuitably selected in accordance with the application. The base is madeof, for example, resin or an inorganic material and is particularlypreferably made of glass.

The color filter includes the base and the organic pigment. The organicpigment may be dispersed in the base or may be present only at thesurface of the base. Alternatively, the organic pigment may be dispersedin a resin and the resin may be molded, or the organic pigment may bedispersed in the surface of the base in the form of a coating film.

The color filter may have any shape such as a plate-like shape, afilm-like shape, a lens-like shape, or a spherical shape. The colorfilter may be a color filter partially including three-dimensionalprojections and depressions or a color filter obtained by forming fineprojections and depressions on the surface thereof.

[Organic Pigment]

Examples of the organic pigment of the present invention includephthalocyanine pigments, insoluble azo pigments, azo lake pigments,anthraquinone pigments, quinacridone pigments, dioxazine pigments,diketopyrrolopyrrole pigments, anthrapyrimidine pigments, anthanthronepigments, indanthrone pigments, flavanthrone pigments, perinonepigments, perylene pigments, thioindigo pigments, triarylmethanepigments, isoindolinone pigments, isoindoline pigments, metal complexpigments, quinophthalone pigments, and dye lake pigments.

The organic pigment may be suitably selected in accordance with thewavelength of light to be transmitted.

In the case of red color filters, red pigments may be used, such as apigment having high transmittance at a wavelength of 600 nm or more and700 nm or less. The pigments may be used alone or in combination of twoor more. Specific examples of the pigments that can be favorably usedinclude C.I. Pigment Red 81, 122, 177, 209, 242, and 254 and PigmentViolet 19. Among them, C.I. Pigment Red 254 is particularly preferredand the maximum transmission wavelength of C.I. Pigment Red 254 isbetween 660 nm and 700 nm.

The red color filter may further contain, as a toning pigment, at leastone organic pigment selected from the group consisting of C.I. PigmentOrange 38 and 71 and C.I. Pigment Yellow 150, 215, 185, 138, and 139.

In the case of green color filters, green pigments may be used, such asa pigment having a maximum transmission wavelength at a wavelength of500 nm or more and 600 nm or less. The pigments may be used alone or incombination of two or more. Specific examples of the pigments that canbe favorably used include C.I. Pigment Green 7, 36, and 58. Among them,C.I. Pigment Green 58 is particularly preferred and the maximumtransmission wavelength of C.I. Pigment Green 58 is between 510 nm and550 nm.

The green color filter may further contain, as a toning pigment, atleast one organic pigment selected from the group consisting of C.I.Pigment Yellow 150, 215, 185, and 138.

In the case of blue color filters, blue pigments may be used, such as apigment having a maximum transmission wavelength at a wavelength of 400nm or more and 500 nm or less. The pigments may be used alone or incombination of two or more. Specific examples of the pigments that canbe favorably used include C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3 and 15:6, and C.I.Pigment Blue 1 serving as a triarylmethane pigment and/or atriarylmethane pigment represented by general formula (1) below (in theformula, R¹ to R⁶ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkylgroup having 1 to 8 carbon atoms that may be substituted, or an arylgroup that may be substituted; when R¹ to R⁶ represent an alkyl groupthat may be substituted, a ring structure may be formed by bondingadjacent R¹ and R², bonding adjacent R³ and R⁴, and bonding adjacent R⁵and R⁶; X¹ and X² each independently represent a hydrogen atom, ahalogen atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms that may besubstituted; Z⁻ represents at least one anion selected from aheteropolyoxometalate anion represented by (P₂Mo_(y)W_(18-y)O₆₂)⁶⁻/6where y represents an integer of 0, 1, 2, or 3, a heteropolyoxometalateanion represented by (SiMoW₁₁O₄₀)⁴⁻/4, and a lacunary Dawsonphosphotungstic heteropolyoxometalate anion; and, in the case where asingle molecule contains a plurality of the formula (1), the pluralityof the formula (1) may represent the same structure or differentstructures).

In the general formula (1), R¹ to R⁶ may be the same or different.Therefore, an —NRR (RR represents any of combinations of R¹R², R³R⁴, andR⁵R⁶) group may be symmetrical or asymmetrical.

The maximum transmission wavelength of C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3 is between440 nm and 480 nm. The maximum transmission wavelength of C.I. PigmentBlue 15:6 is between 430 nm and 470 nm. The maximum transmissionwavelength of the triarylmethane pigment is between 410 nm and 450 nm.

The blue color filter may further contain, as a toning pigment, at leastone organic pigment selected from the group consisting of C.I. PigmentViolet 23 and 37 and C.I. Pigment Blue 15, 15:1, 15:2, and 15:4.

In the case where the color filter can be produced by a method in whicha pigment dispersion body containing the organic pigment is applied ontoa base, the pigment dispersion body may contain a publicly known pigmentdispersing agent, a solvent, or the like in addition to the organicpigment. A dispersion liquid is prepared by dispersing the organicpigment using a solvent or a pigment dispersing agent, and the resultingdispersion liquid may be applied onto a base by, for example, a spincoating method, a roll coating method, an ink jet method, a spraycoating method, or a printing method.

The organic pigment may be applied onto a base and dried to produce acolor filter. In the case where the pigment dispersion body contains acurable resin, curing may be performed using heat or active energy raysto produce a color filter. Furthermore, a step of removing volatilecomponents in a film may be performed by performing a heat treatment(post-baking) at 100° C. to 280° C. for a predetermined time using aheating apparatus such as a hot plate or an oven.

[State of Pigment Particles in Color Filter]

In the color filter of the present invention, the slope parameter thatindicates the degree of aggregation of an organic pigment is 2 or less.In the color filter, the state of an organic pigment in the form of acolor filter makes the highest contribution to suppressing displaydefects such as white streaks, variations in alignment, and imagesticking. By specifying the slope parameter that indicates the degree ofaggregation of organic pigment particles in the form of a color filter,a color filter that prevents the display defects is obtained. The degreeof aggregation decreases as the slope parameter decreases. Therefore,the slope parameter is preferably 1.5 or less.

In the organic pigment, coarse particles having a size of more than 1000nm are not preferred because they adversely affect the display state.Therefore, the amount of such coarse particles needs to be 1% or less.The surface of the color filter may be observed with an appropriateoptical microscope or the like.

[Ultra-Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Profile]

The slope parameter that indicates the degree of aggregation of anorganic pigment can be determined by analyzing an ultra-small angleX-ray scattering profile based on ultra-small angle X-ray scattering.

Specifically, this measurement method includes a step (A) of measuringan ultra-small angle X-ray scattering profile (measured scatteringprofile) of an organic pigment by ultra-small angle X-ray scattering, astep (B) of calculating a curve point on the scattering profile, a step(C) of determining an analysis region (c1) set in accordance with thecurve point, and a step (D) of calculating a slope parameter in theanalysis region c1.

Ultra-small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) is a method for measuring notonly scattering in a small-angle region in which the scattering angle is0.1<(2θ)<10° C., but also diffuse scattering and diffraction that occurin an ultra-small-angle region in which the scattering angle is0°<(2θ)≦0.1°. In small angle X-ray scattering, when regions havingdifferent electron densities with a size of about 1 nm to 100 nm arepresent in a substance, the diffuse scattering of X-rays can be measureddue to the difference in electron density. On the other hand, inultra-small angle X-ray scattering, when regions having differentelectron densities with a size of about 1 nm to 1000 nm are present in asubstance, the diffuse scattering of X-rays is measured due to thedifference in electron density. The slope parameter of an object to bemeasured is determined on the basis of the scattering angle and thescattering intensity.

The main technology for achieving the ultra-small angle X-ray scatteringincludes two techniques: an advanced optical controlling technique thatreduces the background scattering intensity in an ultra-small-angleregion by decreasing the wavelength width or the beam diameter ofincident X-rays and a technique that precisely measures a portion with asmall scattering angle by increasing the distance from a sample to adetector as much as possible, that is, increasing the camera length. Alaboratory-scale small-size apparatus uses mainly the former technique.

A program for determining a slope parameter from a small angle X-rayscattering profile may be a program that performs generaldifferentiation and data interpolation. For example, a program such asMATLAB (The MathWorks, Inc.) is preferably used. In addition to theabove program, a program such as Excel (manufactured by Microsoft) canbe used for fitting conducted by the least-squares method to calculatethe slope parameter.

In the case where the scattering profile of the organic pigment ismeasured, when the brightness of incident X-rays in an X-ray scatteringinstrument is 10⁶ brilliance (photons/sec/mm²/mrad²/0.1% bandwidth) ormore, a sufficient scattering intensity can be measured and thebrightness is preferably 10⁷ brilliance or more. When a substrate of acoating film is made of glass or the like, such a substrate easilyabsorbs X-rays and thus the brightness of incident X-rays considerablydecreases. Therefore, the brightness of incident X-rays is preferably10¹⁶ brilliance or more and more preferably 10¹⁸ brilliance or more inorder to precisely measure the scattering profile of the organicpigment.

A light source available in a large synchrotron radiation facility suchas SPring-8 in Hyogo Prefecture or Photon Factory in Ibaraki Prefecturecan be used as a high-brightness X-ray source with 10¹⁶ brilliance ormore. In such a facility, a desired scattering region can be set byselecting an appropriate camera length. Furthermore, optimum measurementconditions can be selected to achieve a wide range of purposes such assufficient scattering intensity, prevention of sample damage, andprotection of a detector. That is, an absorption plate made of severalmetals, which is called an attenuator, is used on the incident side orthe exposure time is freely adjusted to be in the range of about 0.5 to60 seconds. The attenuator is, for example, a thin film made of Au, Ag,or molybdenum.

The specific procedure of the measurement will be described below. Inthe step (A), a color filter is set on a sample holder, a sample stage,or the like of a commercially available X-ray diffraction apparatus.Then, the scattering intensities I at scattering angles (2θ), which arein the range of less than 10°, are measured to measure a small angleX-ray scattering profile (measured scattering profile).

In an ultra-small angle scattering apparatus that uses synchrotronradiation and is used for a coating film formed on a glass substrate,white light taken from a circular accelerator called a storage ring isconverted into monochromatic light with a double crystal monochromator.Light with a wavelength (e.g., 1 Å) in an X-ray region is used as aradiation source. The light is made to enter a coating film disposed onthe sample stage and a two-dimensional detector is exposed to thescattered light for a certain time. The scattering profile obtained inthe form of concentric circles is one-dimensionally averaged andconverted into scattering intensities I at scattering angles (2θ), whichare in the range of less than 10°, to obtain a small angle X-rayscattering profile (measured scattering profile). The above-describedprocess is the step (A).

Subsequently, in the step (B), a curve point is calculated in a regionwhere the scattering vector q satisfies q<0.5 [nm⁻¹] or less in themeasured scattering profile. The term “curve point” means a curvesegment which is convex upward in the scattering profile shown as achart in which both the scattering vector q and the scattering intensityI are plotted on a logarithmic scale.

First, the scattering vector q and the scattering profile I areconverted into Log(q) and Log(I) which are to the base 10, respectively.Considering the function y=f(x) in a graph of x and y coordinates, thescattering profile is assumed to be expressed as the functionLog(I)=F(Log(q)) for the sake of convenience. Assuming that Log(q)=Q andLog(I)=J, the scattering profile is expressed as J=F(Q), which isreferred to as a scattering profile function.

The scattering profile function expressed as J=F(Q) is subjected tosmoothing with a spline function. Furthermore, regarding the functionG(Q) obtained as a result of the smoothing, the first derivativeG′(Q)=dG(Q)/dQ is determined. The derivation of the function G(Q)obtained as a result of the smoothing with a spline function and thefirst derivative G′(Q) is conducted by a method described in NPL 1.

In the first derivative G′(Q), the minimum value G′min and thecorresponding x coordinate X_gmin are then determined moving in anegative Q direction from Q=0. Furthermore, the maximum value G′max andthe corresponding x coordinate X_gmax are determined moving in thenegative Q direction. Subsequently, the intermediate valueG′c=(G′max−G′min)/2 between the maximum value G′max and the minimumvalue G′min is determined.

In the x coordinate between X_gmax and X_gmin, a point indicated by theintermediate value G′c corresponds to the curve point in the originalscattering profile function F(Q). The x coordinate of the curve point isexpressed as Q=Q₀. When the x coordinate of the curve point is expressedusing the scattering vector q, the x coordinate of the curve point onthe scattering profile is given as q=q₀ from the relational expressionLog(q₀)=Q₀.

Subsequently, in the step (C), an analysis region (c1) for determiningthe slope of the scattering profile is calculated. In a region where Qis smaller than the x coordinate Q₀ of the curve point, that is, in aregion satisfying Q<Q₀, a region in which the first derivative G′(Q) issubstantially flat is defined as an analysis region c1.

In the original scattering profile function F(Q) not subjected todifferentiation, a profile segment that can be approximated to astraight line having a particular slope is provided in the analysisregion c1.

An end point 1 and an end point 2 are determined so that the analysisregion c1 is a region sectioned by the end point 1 and the end point 2.The value of the end point 1 on the x axis is Q=Q₁ and thusLog(q)=Log(q₁) is given. The value of the end point 2 on the x axis isQ=Q₂ and thus Log(q)=Log(q₂) is given.

The end point 1 of the analysis region c1 is determined as follows. Thedifference Δ=G′max−G′(Q₁) between the maximum value G′max and G′(Q₁) ata point to be set as the end point 1 is calculated. The first point thatsatisfies the difference Δ<0.1 when the data is scanned from the xcoordinate Q₀ of the curve point in a direction in which Q decreases isdefined as the end point 1. The x coordinate of the end point 1 is Q=Q₁,and q=q₁ is given.

Regarding the end point 2, an appropriate value needs to be determinedin accordance with the measurement data. This reason is specificallydescribed below. In a region with small q, the scattering intensityincreases because of a strong influence of parasitic scattering or thelike near a beam stopper used during the experiment. As a result, theslope of the scattering profile changes due to a factor other than thescattering derived from pigment particles. In other words, it is notnecessarily appropriate that a large analysis region c1 is set bydetermining the end point 2 in an ultra-small angle region where Q issufficiently small. On the other hand, if the end point 2 is close tothe end point 1, the influence of data noise or the like isstrengthened. As a result, the analysis in which the slope parameter inthe analysis region c1 is calculated by the least-squares method in thefollowing step (D) becomes meaningless.

The x coordinate of the end point 2 needs to be determined inconsideration of the foregoing. The x coordinate of the end point 2 isQ₂=Log(q₂). The value q₂ is determined using the value q₁ that has beendetermined. It is desirable that q₂ is determined so that the scatteringprofile can be approximated to a straight line as widely as possiblewithin the range of q₂=q₁/2 to q₁/3.

Subsequently, in the step (D), the slope parameter of the scatteringprofile in the analysis region c1 determined by the end point 1 and theend point 2 is calculated. In the analysis region c1, the scatteringintensity I and the scattering vector q have a relationship ofI(q)∝=q^(−dM). Therefore, the scattering profile functionLog(I)=F(Log(q)) that represents the scattering profile in adouble-logarithmic plot is represented by formula (1) below as atheoretical correlation function in the analysis region c1.Log(I)=−d _(M)×Log(q)+C(C:constant)  (1)

In the formula (1), d_(M) is the slope parameter in the analysis regionc1, and C is a constant.

The function fitting between the theoretical correlation functionrepresented by the formula (1) and the scattering profile in theanalysis region c1 is conducted by the least-squares method to calculatethe slope parameter d_(M).

The variables in the function fitting are d_(M) and C. The functionfitting is performed by the least-squares method so that the residualsum of squares Z between the theoretical correlation function and thescattering profile function is minimized. The smaller the residual sumof squares Z is, the higher the precision of the fitting is. In general,when Z decreases to be less than 2%, the fitting may be judged asconvergence. Z is preferably less than 1% and more preferably less than0.5%.

If the function fitting in this step does not favorably converge, thatis, if Z is 2% or more, the data in the analysis region c1 widely variesor the scattering profile sharply deviates from the shape of a straightline. One of the causes may be that the analysis region c1 is notappropriate. In particular, in the case where data includes unnecessaryscattering contribution due to an excessively large analysis region c1,the position of the end point 2 determined in the step (C) may bechanged to a position close to the end point 1, and the step (D) isrepeatedly conducted.

Another cause may be that the scattering intensity data obtained whenthe measurement is performed at an insufficient intensity of X-rayswidely varies. In this case, the measurement data needs to be obtainedby an ultra-small angle scattering experiment at an experimentalfacility at which stronger X-rays can be applied so that the scatteringintensity data with a good S/N ratio is obtained.

In the case where the scattering profile does not have a clear curvesegment, that is, in the case where the difference ΔG′max-min betweenthe maximum value G′max and the minimum value G′min satisfiesΔG′max−min<0.1, the curve point Q₀ (or q₀) needs to be imaginarilydetermined. If a curve segment clearly appears on the scattering profilewith a different color filter sample that uses the same pigment, thecurve point Q₀ of the color filter sample can be substituted for thecurve point Q₀ of a sample with which the curve segment does not clearlyappear. In the case where a curve segment does not clearly appear on thescattering profile and substitutable Q₀ is also not obtained, anysegment on the scattering profile in the range of q<0.5 or Q<Log(0.5)can be defined as the analysis region c1. In that analysis region c1,the slope parameter d_(M) may be determined by the least-squares method.

The slope parameter d_(M) is sometimes called “mass fractaldimensionality” in a physical manner. When the slope parameter d_(M) isprecisely determined in the analysis region c1, the scattering intensityI is represented by I(q)∝=q^(−dM) and thus is in conformity with a powerlaw of the scattering vector q. Therefore, d_(M) is not more than 3 inprinciple. If d_(M) is 3 or more, this may be caused by an inappropriateanalysis region c1 or data with a large amount of noise as describedabove. Therefore, the analysis region c1 is reconsidered or anexperiment is performed again with high-intensity X-rays, and then thestep (A) to step (D) are performed, whereby the slope parameter of thescattering profile can be obtained as an analysis result.

As described above, when the slope parameter d_(M) is preciselydetermined in the analysis region c1, the mass fractal dimensionality isclearly determined. This shows that the aggregation structure of anorganic pigment contained in a color filter is fundamentally andphysically a fractal-like self-similar structure. A large slopeparameter d_(M) indicates a large size of a self-similar aggregationstructure, that is, a high degree of aggregation. Therefore, d_(M) canbe used as a quantitative index that indicates the degree of pigmentaggregation in a color filter.

(Alignment Film)

In the liquid crystal display device of the present invention, when analignment film for aligning a liquid crystal composition needs to beformed on surfaces of first and second substrates that contact theliquid crystal composition, the alignment film is disposed between acolor filter and a liquid crystal layer. However, the thickness of thealignment film is at most 100 nm or less, which does not completelyblock the interaction between a coloring agent such as a pigmentconstituting the color filter and a liquid crystal compound constitutingthe liquid crystal layer.

In a liquid crystal display device that does not use an alignment film,higher interaction occurs between a coloring agent such as a pigmentconstituting the color filter and a liquid crystal compound constitutingthe liquid crystal layer.

The alignment film can be composed of a transparent organic materialsuch as polyimide, polyamide, BCB (benzocyclobutene polymer), orpolyvinyl alcohol. In particular, the alignment film is preferably apolyimide alignment film formed by imidizing polyamic acid synthesizedfrom a diamine such as an aliphatic or alicyclic diamine, e.g.,p-phenylene diamine or 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, an aliphatic oralicyclic tetracarboxylic acid anhydride such as butanetetracarboxylicacid anhydride or 2,3,5-tricarboxycyclopentylacetic acid anhydride, andan aromatic tetracarboxylic acid anhydride such as pyromellitic aciddianhydride. In this case, the alignment is generally provided byrubbing, but the alignment film can be used without providing alignmentwhen used as a vertical alignment film or the like.

The alignment film can be composed of a material containing chalcone,cinnamate, cinnamoyl, or a compound having an azo group or the like, andsuch a material may be used in combination with a material such aspolyimide or polyamide. In this case, rubbing or an optical alignmenttechnique may be used for the alignment film.

In the alignment film, a resin film is generally formed by applying thealignment film material onto a substrate by a method such as a spincoating method. A uniaxially stretching method, a Langmuir-Blodgettmethod, or the like can also be employed.

(Transparent Electrode)

In the liquid crystal display device of the present invention, thetransparent electrode can be composed of a material such as a conductivemetal oxide. The metal oxide can be indium oxide (In₂O₂), tin oxide(SnO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium tin oxide (In₂O₂—SnO₂), indium zincoxide (In₂O₂—ZnO), niobium-added titanium dioxide (Ti_(1-x)Nb_(x)O₂),fluorine-doped tin oxide, graphene nanoribbon, or metal nanowire and ispreferably zinc oxide (ZnO), indium tin oxide (In₂O₃—SnO₂), or indiumzinc oxide (In₂O₃—ZnO). The transparent conductive film can be patternedby, for example, a photo-etching method or a method that uses a mask.

The liquid crystal display device of the present invention isparticularly useful for active matrix driving liquid crystal displaydevices and can be applied to liquid crystal display devices with a TNmode, an IPS mode, a polymer-stabilized IPS mode, an FFS mode, an OCBmode, a VA mode, or an ECB mode.

By combining a backlight, the liquid crystal display device is used invarious applications such as monitors of liquid crystal televisions andpersonal computers, displays of cellular phones and smart phones,notebook computers, mobile information terminals, and digital signage.Examples of the backlight include a cold-cathode tube backlight, and apseudo-white backlight with two wavelength peaks and a backlight withthree wavelength peaks that use a light-emitting diode composed of aninorganic material or an organic EL element.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will now be further described in detail on thebasis of Examples, but the present invention is not limited to Examples.In compositions of Examples and Comparative Examples below, “%” means“mass %”.

In Examples, the measured properties are as follows.

T_(ni): nematic phase-isotropic liquid phase transition temperature (°C.)

Δn: refractive index anisotropy at 25° C.

Δ∈: dielectric anisotropy at 25° C.

η: viscosity (mPa·s) at 20° C.

γ1: rotational viscosity (mPa·s) at 25° C.

VHR: voltage holding ratio (%) at 70° C.

(a value, which is expressed as a percentage, of the ratio of a measuredvoltage to an initial voltage, the measured voltage being obtained byinjecting a liquid crystal composition into a cell having a thickness of3.5 μm and performing measurement at an application voltage of 5 V, aframe time of 200 ms, and a pulse duration of 64 μs)

ID: ion density (pC/cm²) at 70° C.

(an ion density obtained by injecting a liquid crystal composition intoa cell having a thickness of 3.5 μm and performing measurement at anapplication voltage of 20 V and a frequency of 0.05 Hz using MTR-1(manufactured by TOYO) Corporation))

Image Sticking:

Image sticking of a liquid crystal display element was evaluated asfollows. A predetermined fixed pattern was displayed in a display areafor 1000 hours, and a uniform image was then displayed on the fullscreen. The level of a residual image of the fixed pattern was evaluatedthrough visual inspection on the basis of the four-level criteriadescribed below.

A: No residual image was observed.

B: A residual image was slightly observed, but was at an acceptablelevel.

C: A residual image was observed, and was at an unacceptable level.

D: A residual image was observed, and was at a very poor level.

In Examples, the following abbreviations are used for the description ofcompounds.

(Ring Structure)

(Side Chain Structure and Linking Structure)

TABLE 1 n (number) at terminal C_(n)H_(2n+1)— -2- —CH₂CH₂— —1O— —CH₂O——O1— —OCH₂— —V— —CO— —VO— —COO— —CFFO— —CF₂O— —F —F —Cl —Cl —CN —C≡N—OCFFF —OCF₃ —CFFF —CF₃ —On —OC_(n)H_(2n+1)— -T- —C≡C— —N— —CH═N—N═CH—ndm- C_(n)H_(2n+1)—HC=CH—(CH₂)_(m−1)— -ndm—(CH₂)_(n−1)—HC═CH—C_(m)H_(2m+1) ndmO— C_(n)H_(2n+1)—HC═CH—(CH₂)_(m−1)O——Ondm —O—(CH₂)_(n−1)—HC═CH—C_(m)H_(2m+1) -ndm-—(CH₂)_(n−1)—HC═CH—(CH₂)_(m−1)—[Production of Color Filter][Production of Pigment Dispersion Liquid]

Synthetic Example 1 Synthesis of Copolymer a

A mixture containing 68 parts of ethyl methacrylate, 29 parts of2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 3 parts of thioglycolic acid, and 0.2 partsof a polymerization initiator (“Perbutyl (registered trademark) O”[active component: t-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate manufactured by NOFCORPORATION]) was added dropwise to 100 parts of xylene, which was keptin a nitrogen stream at 80° C., under stirring for four hours. After thecompletion of the addition, 0.5 parts of “Perbutyl (registeredtrademark) O” was added every four hours and the mixture was stirred at80° C. for 12 hours. After the completion of the reaction, xylene wasadded to control the non-volatile content. Thus, a xylene solution of acopolymer a having a non-volatile content of 50% was prepared.

Synthetic Example 2 Synthesis of Copolymer b

A mixture containing 66 parts of ethyl methacrylate, 28 parts of2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 6 parts of thioglycolic acid, and 0.3 partsof a polymerization initiator (“Perbutyl (registered trademark) O”[active component: t-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate manufactured by NOFCORPORATION]) was added dropwise to 100 parts of xylene, which was keptin a nitrogen stream at 80° C., under stirring for four hours. After thecompletion of the addition, 0.5 parts of “Perbutyl (registeredtrademark) O” was added every four hours and the mixture was stirred at80° C. for 12 hours. After the completion of the reaction, anappropriate amount of xylene was added to control the non-volatilecontent. Thus, a xylene solution of a copolymer b having a non-volatilecontent of 50% was prepared.

Synthetic Example 3 Synthesis of Polymer P

A mixture containing 54.5 parts of xylene, 19.0 parts of the copolymer aobtained in Synthetic Example 2, 38.0 parts of the copolymer b, and 7.5parts of a 15% aqueous polyallylamine solution (“PAA-05” manufactured byNitto Boseki Co., Ltd., number-average molecular weight: about 5000) wascharged into a flask equipped with a stirrer, a reflux condenser, anitrogen blowing tube, and a thermometer. The reaction was caused toproceed under stirring in a nitrogen stream at 140° C. for eight hourswhile water was distilled off using a separator and xylene was refluxedto a reaction solution.

After the completion of the reaction, an appropriate amount of xylenewas added to control the non-volatile content. Thus, a polymer P, whichwas a modified polyamine, having a non-volatile content of 40% wasprepared. The weight-average molecular weight of the resin was 11000 andthe amine value was 16.0 mgKOH/g.

Production Example 1 Production of Powdery Pigment 1

FASTOGEN Green A110 (C.I. Pigment Green 58, brominated/chlorinated zincphthalocyanine) manufactured by DIC Corporation was used as a powderypigment 1.

Production Example 2 Production of Powdery Pigment 2

After 100 parts of the powdery pigment 1 obtained in Production Example1, 300 parts of heptane, and 10 parts of the polymer P were mixed, 300parts of 1.25 mm zirconia beads were added to the mixture. The mixturewas stirred with a paint shaker (manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisaku-Sho,Ltd.) at ordinary temperature for one hour. Then, the mixture wasdiluted with 200 parts of heptane and filtered to remove the zirconiabeads. Thus, a pigment mixture solution was obtained.

After 400 parts of the obtained pigment mixture solution was chargedinto a separable flask equipped with a thermometer, a stirrer, a refluxcondenser, and a nitrogen gas inlet tube, a material obtained bydissolving 2 parts of 2,2′-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile) in apolymerizable monomer composition containing 5 parts of methylmethacrylate and 5 parts of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was added tothe separable flask. Stirring was performed at room temperature for 30minutes, and then the temperature was increased to 80° C. The reactionwas continued at 80° C. for 15 hours. After the temperature wasdecreased, filtration was performed to obtain a wet cake. The wet cakewas dried with a hot-air drier at 100° C. for five hours and thencrushed with a crusher to obtain a powdery pigment 2.

Production Example 3 Production of Powdery Pigment 3

With a double-arm kneader, 10 parts of the powdery pigment 1 obtained inProduction Example 1, 100 parts of pulverized sodium chloride, and 10parts of diethylene glycol were kneaded at 100° C. for eight hours.After the kneading, 1000 parts of water at 80° C. was added thereto andstirring was performed for one hour. The resulting product was filtered,washed with hot water, dried, and crushed to obtain a powdery pigment 3.

Production Example 4 Production of Dispersion Liquid 1

After 5 parts of the powdery pigment 1 obtained in Production Example 1,33.3 parts of propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGMA), and 3 parts ofthe polymer P were mixed, 65 parts of 0.5 mm Sepr beads were addedthereto. The mixture was stirred with a paint shaker (manufactured byToyo Seiki Seisaku-Sho, Ltd.) for four hours. The resulting mixturesolution was filtered to remove the Sepr beads. Thus, a dispersionliquid 1 was obtained.

Production Example 5 Production of Dispersion Liquid 2

A dispersion liquid 2 was obtained in the same manner as in ProductionExample 4, except that the powdery pigment 1 was changed to the powderypigment 2 and the polymer P was changed to AJISPER PB821 (manufacturedby Ajinomoto Fine-Techno Co., Inc.), and 0.1 parts of quinoline wasfurther added.

Production Example 6 Production of Dispersion Liquid 3

A dispersion liquid 3 was obtained in the same manner as in ProductionExample 5, except that 5 parts of the powdery pigment 2, 33.3 parts ofPGMA, and 3 parts of AJISPER PB821 were added, and quinoline was changedto pyrrole.

Production Example 7 Production of Dispersion Liquid 4

A dispersion liquid 4 was obtained in the same manner as in ProductionExample 6, except that pyrrole was changed to oxazole.

Production Example 8 Production of Dispersion Liquid 5

A dispersion liquid 5 was obtained in the same manner as in ProductionExample 7, except that oxazole was changed to pyrrolidine.

Production Example 9 Production of Powdery Pigment 4 and DispersionLiquid 6

An ∈-type copper phthalocyanine pigment (“FASTOGEN Blue EP-193”manufactured by DIC Corporation) was used as a powdery pigment 4. After5 parts of the powdery pigment 4, 33.3 parts of propylene glycolmonomethyl ether (PGMA), and 3 parts of the polymer A were mixed, 65parts of 0.5 mm Sepr beads were added thereto. The mixture was stirredwith a paint shaker (manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisaku-Sho, Ltd.) forfour hours. The resulting mixture solution was filtered to remove theSepr beads. Thus, a dispersion liquid 6 was obtained.

Production Example 10 Production of Powdery Pigment 5 and DispersionLiquid 7

A diketopyrrolopyrrole red pigment PR254 (“Irgaphor Red B-CF”; R-1manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals) was used as a powdery pigment5. After 5 parts of the powdery pigment 5, 33.3 parts of propyleneglycol monomethyl ether (PGMA), and 3 parts of the polymer P were mixed,65 parts of 0.5 mm Sepr beads were added thereto. The mixture wasstirred with a paint shaker (manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisaku-Sho,Ltd.) for four hours. The resulting mixture solution was filtered toremove the Sepr beads. Thus, a dispersion liquid 7 was obtained.

[Production of Color Filter]

Production Example 11 Production of Color Filter 1

A cover glass (borosilicate cover glass manufactured by TGK) was set ina spin coater (Opticoat MS-A100 manufactured by MIKASA CO., LTD.). Thedispersion liquid 1 obtained in Production Example 4 was applied to thecover glass in an amount of 1.5 ml and spin coating was performed at 600rpm. The resulting coating film was dried in a thermostat at 90° C. forthree minutes and then heat-treated at 230° C. for three hours to obtaina color filter 1. The maximum transmission wavelength of the colorfilter 1 was 523 nm. FIG. 3 shows the transmission spectrum.

[Measurement of Color Filter 1 with USAXS]

The color filter was fixed to an A1 sample holder. The holder was thenset in a sample stage for transmission measurement. The measurement ofultra-small angle X-ray scattering and the calculation of a slopeparameter were performed under the following conditions. Table 2 showsthe results.

The measurement instrument and the measurement method are as follows.

Measurement apparatus: Frontier Softmaterial Beamline BL03XU SecondHatch in a large synchrotron radiation facility SPring-8

Measurement mode: Ultra-small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS)

Measurement conditions: wavelength 0.1 nm, camera length 6 m, beam spotsize 140 μm×80 μm, no attenuator, exposure time 30 seconds, 2θ=0.01 to1.5°

Analysis software: The imaging of two-dimensional data and theconversion of two-dimensional data into a one-dimensional scatteringprofile were performed with Fit2D (available from a web site[http://www.esrf.eu/computing/scientific/FIT2D/] of European SynchrotronRadiation Facility).

The differentiation and smoothing of the scattering profile wereperformed with software MATLAB manufactured by The MathWorks, Inc.Subsequently, the calculation of a curve point and the calculation of ananalysis region were performed with software Excel manufactured byMicrosoft to obtain a slope parameter.

Z: Z was used for judging the linearity and set within 2%.

Production Example 12 Production of Color Filter 2

A color filter 2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, exceptthat the dispersion liquid 1 was changed to the dispersion liquid 2. Themaximum transmission wavelength of the color filter 2 was 522 nm. FIG. 3shows the transmission spectrum. For the color filter 2, the measurementof ultra-small angle X-ray scattering and the calculation of a slopeparameter were performed in the same manner as in Production Example 11.Table 2 shows the results.

Production Example 13 Production of Color Filter 3

A color filter 3 was obtained in the same manner as in ProductionExample 11, except that the dispersion liquid 1 was changed to thedispersion liquid 3. The maximum transmission wavelength of the colorfilter 3 was 523 nm. FIG. 3 shows the transmission spectrum. For thecolor filter 3, the measurement of ultra-small angle X-ray scatteringand the calculation of a slope parameter were performed in the samemanner as in Production Example 11. Table 2 shows the results.

Production Example 14 Production of Color Filter 4

A color filter 4 was obtained in the same manner as in ProductionExample 11, except that the dispersion liquid 1 was changed to thedispersion liquid 4. The maximum transmission wavelength of the colorfilter 4 was 523 nm. FIG. 4 shows the transmission spectrum. For thecolor filter 4, the measurement of ultra-small angle X-ray scatteringand the calculation of a slope parameter were performed in the samemanner as in Production Example 11. Table 2 shows the results.

Production Example 15 Production of Color Filter 5

A color filter 5 was obtained in the same manner as in ProductionExample 11, except that the dispersion liquid 1 was changed to thedispersion liquid 5. For the color filter 5, the measurement ofultra-small angle X-ray scattering and the calculation of a slopeparameter were performed in the same manner as in Production Example 11.Table 2 shows the results.

Production Example 16 Production of Color Filter 6

A cover glass (borosilicate cover glass manufactured by TGK) was set ina spin coater (Opticoat MS-A100 manufactured by MIKASA CO., LTD.). Thedispersion liquid 3 obtained in Production Example 6 was applied to thecover glass in an amount of 1.5 ml and spin coating was performed at 600rpm. The resulting coating film was dried in a thermostat at 90° C. forthree minutes to obtain a color filter 6. The maximum transmissionwavelength of the color filter 6 was 515 nm. FIG. 4 shows thetransmission spectrum. For the color filter 6, the measurement ofultra-small angle X-ray scattering and the calculation of a slopeparameter were performed in the same manner as in Production Example 11.Table 2 shows the results.

Production Example 17 Production of Color Filter 7

A color filter 7 was obtained in the same manner as in ProductionExample 11, except that the dispersion liquid 1 was changed to thedispersion liquid 6. The maximum transmission wavelength of the colorfilter 7 was 435 nm. For the color filter 7, the measurement ofultra-small angle X-ray scattering and the calculation of a slopeparameter were performed in the same manner as in Production Example 11.Table 2 shows the results.

Production Example 18 Production of Color Filter 8

A color filter 8 was obtained in the same manner as in ProductionExample 16, except that the dispersion liquid 3 obtained in ProductionExample 6 was changed to the dispersion liquid 6 obtained in ProductionExample 10. The maximum transmission wavelength of the color filter 8was 435 nm. For the color filter 8, the measurement of ultra-small angleX-ray scattering and the calculation of a slope parameter were performedin the same manner as in Production Example 11. Table 2 shows theresults.

Production Example 19 Production of Color Filter 9

A color filter 9 was obtained in the same manner as in ProductionExample 11, except that the dispersion liquid 1 was changed to thedispersion liquid 7. For the color filter 9, the measurement ofultra-small angle X-ray scattering and the calculation of a slopeparameter were performed in the same manner as in Production Example 11.Table 2 shows the results.

Production Example 20 Production of Color Filter 10

A color filter 10 was obtained in the same manner as in ProductionExample 16, except that the dispersion liquid 3 obtained in ProductionExample 6 was changed to the dispersion liquid 7 obtained in ProductionExample 10. For the color filter 10, the measurement of ultra-smallangle x-ray scattering and the calculation of a slope parameter wereperformed in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 2 shows the results.

TABLE 2 Analysis region c1 of scattering profile End point 2 End point 1Curve point q0 Slope Color filter No. (q2 [nm⁻¹]) (q1 [nm⁻¹]) [nm⁻¹]parameter Color filter 1 0.08 0.17 0.245 0.85 Color filter 2 0.07 0.140.219 0.78 Color filter 3 0.08 0.16 0.251 1.24 Color filter 4 0.07 0.140.245 1.25 Color filter 5 0.10 0.19 0.245 1.62 Color filter 6 0.10 0.190.269 2.14 Color filter 7 0.08 0.16 0.248 0.95 Color filter 8 0.08 0.160.270 2.10 Color filter 9 0.07 0.15 0.250 1.11 Color filter 10 0.08 0.160.267 2.18

Examples 1 to 7

An electrode structure was formed on at least one of first and secondsubstrates, and an alignment film having a horizontal alignment propertywas formed on each of surfaces of the first and second substrates facingeach other. Then, a weak rubbing treatment was performed, an IPS cellwas made, and a liquid crystal composition 1 described below wassandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate. Table 3shows the physical properties of the liquid crystal composition 1.Subsequently, liquid crystal display devices of Examples 1 to 7 wereproduced using the color filters 1 to 5, 7, and 9 listed in Table 2(d_(gap)=4.0 μm, alignment film AL-1051). The VHR and ID of the producedliquid crystal display devices were measured. The image sticking of theproduced liquid crystal display devices was also evaluated. Table 4shows the results.

[Chem. 21] Chemical structure Proportion Abbreviation

48% 3-Cy—Cy-1d0

 4% 3-Cy—Cy-1d1

 8% 1-Ph—Ph-3d1

 5% 3-Cy—Ph—Ph-2

 5% 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-3

 2% 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F

 3% 3-Cy—Cy—CFFO—Ph3—F

 7% 3-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F

 5% 4-Cy—Cy—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F

TABLE 3 T_(NI)/° C. 75.8 Δn 0.112 no 1.488 ε_(⊥) 5.5 Δε 2.9 η/mPa · s13.5

TABLE 4 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 6Example 7 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquidcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcomposition composition 1 composition 1 composition 1 composition 1composition 1 composition 1 composition 1 Color filter Color filter 1Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.4 99.5 99.3 99.3 99.1 99.4 99.3 ID 21 15 50 5169 31 43 Image A A A A B A A sticking

It was found that the liquid crystal composition 1 had a liquid crystalphase temperature range of 75.8° C., which was practical for use as aliquid crystal composition for TVs, a dielectric anisotropy with a highabsolute value, low viscosity, and an appropriate value of Δn.

In the liquid crystal display devices of Examples 1 to 7, high VHRs andlow IDs were achieved. In the evaluation of image sticking, no residualimage was observed or a residual image was slightly observed, which wasat an acceptable level.

Examples 8 to 21

Liquid crystal compositions 2 and 3 listed in Table 5 were sandwiched asin Example 1. Liquid crystal display devices of Examples 8 to 21 wereproduced using the color filters 1 to 5, 7, and 9 listed in Table 2 andthe VHR and ID were measured. The image sticking of the liquid crystaldisplay devices was also evaluated. Tables 6 and 7 show the results.

TABLE 5 Name of compound Content (%) Liquid crystal composition 24-Cy-Cy-1d0 15 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 4 0d3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 14 3-Cy-Ph—Ph-Cy-3 33-Cy-Ph—Ph1-Cy-3 4 1-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 9 2-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 10 3-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 105-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 5 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph1—F 8 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 82-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 4 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 6 T_(ni)/° C. 100.7 Δn 0.094Δε 8.0 γ1/mPa · s 108 η/mPa · s 22.2 Liquid crystal composition 35-Cy-Cy-1d0 5 3-Cy-Cy-1d1 10 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 8 5-Cy-Cy-Ph—O1 62-Ph—Ph1—Ph-3 8 2-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 11 3-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 15 5-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 53-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 6 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 9 4-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 4 3-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 75-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 4 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 2 T_(ni)/° C. 103.2 Δn 0.102 Δε7.1 γ1/mPa · s 96 η/mPa · s 20.8

TABLE 6 Example 8 Example 9 Example 10 Example 11 Example 12 Example 13Example 14 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquidcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compo-compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- sition sition 2 sition2 sition 2 sition 2 sition 2 sition 2 sition 2 Color filter Color filter1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Colorfilter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.6 99.6 99.4 99.4 99.2 99.5 99.5 ID 18 1448 50 72 28 37 Image A A A A B A A sticking

TABLE 7 Example 15 Example 16 Example 17 Example 18 Example 19 Example20 Example 21 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquidcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compo-compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- sition sition 3 sition3 sition 3 sition 3 sition 3 sition 3 sition 3 Color filter Color filter1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Colorfilter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.5 99.5 99.3 99.3 99.0 99.4 99.4 ID 26 2047 51 66 33 39 Image A A A A A A A sticking

In the liquid crystal display devices of Examples 8 to 21, high VHRs andlow IDs were achieved. In the evaluation of image sticking, no residualimage was observed or a residual image was slightly observed, which wasat an acceptable level.

Examples 22 to 42

Liquid crystal compositions 4 to 6 listed in Table 8 were sandwiched asin Example 1. Liquid crystal display devices of Examples 22 to 42 wereproduced using the color filters 1 to 5, 7, and 9 listed in Table 2 andthe VHR and ID were measured. The image sticking of the liquid crystaldisplay devices was also evaluated. Tables 9 to 11 show the results.

TABLE 8 Name of compound Content (%) Liquid crystal composition 45-Cy-Cy-1d0 15 3-Cy-Cy-1d1 2 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 12 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-3 32-Ph—Ph1—Ph4 3 2-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 8 2-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 3 3-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 94-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 14 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 11 2-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 93-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 8 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 3 T_(ni)/° C. 90.2 Δn 0.098 Δε9.1 γ1/mPa · s 90 η/mPa · s 18.1 Liquid crystal composition 55-Cy-Cy-1d0 10 3-Cy-Cy-1d1 5 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 8 0d3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 122-Ph—Ph1—Ph-5 2 3-Cy-Ph—Ph-Cy-3 3 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1-Cy-3 3 1-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 92-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 10 3-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 6 5-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 5 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph1—F 82-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 4 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 6 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 9 T_(ni)/°C. 110.0 Δn 0.099 Δε 8.3 γ1/mPa · s 112 η/mPa · s 23.4 Liquid crystalcomposition 6 5-Cy-Cy-1d0 12 3-Cy-Cy-1d1 25 3-Cy-Cy-1d1 120d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 4 0d3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 9 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—F 5 3-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—F 92-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 4 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 6 3-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 25-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 3 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 9 T_(ni)/° C. 77.4 Δn 0.101 Δε7.0 γ1/mPa · s 86 η/mPa · s 14.2

TABLE 9 Example 22 Example 23 Example 24 Example 25 Example 26 Example27 Example 28 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquidcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compo-compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- sition sition 4 sition4 sition 4 sition 4 sition 4 sition 4 sition 4 Color filter Color filter1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Colorfilter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.5 99.6 99.4 99.4 99.2 99.5 99.5 ID 18 1542 43 60 25 31 Image A A B B B A A sticking

TABLE 10 Example 29 Example 30 Example 31 Example 32 Example 33 Example34 Example 35 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquidcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compo-compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- sition sition 5 sition5 sition 5 sition 5 sition 5 sition 5 sition 5 Color filter Color filter1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Colorfilter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.7 99.7 99.5 99.5 99.2 99.6 99.6 ID 22 1748 47 67 29 40 Image A A A A B A A sticking

TABLE 11 Example 36 Example 37 Example 38 Example 39 Example 40 Example41 Example 42 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquidcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compo-compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- sition sition 6 sition6 sition 6 sition 6 sition 6 sition 6 sition 6 Color filter Color filter1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Colorfilter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.6 99.7 99.4 99.4 99.1 99.6 99.5 ID 24 1851 50 74 38 45 Image A A B B B A A sticking

In the liquid crystal display devices of Examples 22 to 42, high VHRsand low IDs were achieved. In the evaluation of image sticking, noresidual image was observed or a residual image was slightly observed,which was at an acceptable level.

Examples 43 to 63

An electrode structure was formed on each of first and secondsubstrates, and an alignment film having a horizontal alignment propertywas formed on each of surfaces of the first and second substrates facingeach other. Then, a weak rubbing treatment was performed, a TN cell wasmade, and liquid crystal compositions 7 to 9 described in Table 12 weresandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate.Subsequently, liquid crystal display devices of Examples 43 to 63 wereproduced using the color filters 1 to 5, 7, and 9 listed in Table 2(d_(gap)=3.5 μm, alignment film SE-7492). The VHR and ID of the producedliquid crystal display devices were measured. The image sticking of theproduced liquid crystal display devices was also evaluated. Tables 13 to15 show the results.

TABLE 12 Name of compound Content (%) Liquid crystal composition 73-Cy-Cy-1d0 38 3-Cy-Cy-1d1 9 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 16 0d3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 42-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 2 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 12 3-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 73-Ph—Ph—Ph1—Ph3—F 1 3-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 2 2-Py—Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 9T_(ni)/° C. 76.0 Δn 0.097 Δε 6.8 γ1/mPa · s 83 η/mPa · s 14.5 Liquidcrystal composition 8 3-Cy-Cy-1d0 38 3-Cy-Cy-1d1 14 0d3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 83-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 9 3-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 15 3-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 24-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 7 5-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 7 T_(ni)/° C. 81.8 Δn0.099 Δε 8.0 γ1/mPa · s 83 η/mPa · s 14.6 Liquid crystal composition 93-Cy-Cy-1d0 30 3-Cy-Cy-1d1 17 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 7 0d3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 73-Cy-Cy-Ph-2 2 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-4 2 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—F 8 3-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—F 123-Ph—Ph3—Ph3—F 4 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—CFFO—Ph3—F 11 T_(ni)/° C. 75.0 Δn 0.112 Δε8.7 γ1/mPa · s 87 η/mPa · s 15.2

TABLE 13 Example 43 Example 44 Example 45 Example 46 Example 47 Example48 Example 49 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquidcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compo-compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- sition sition 7 sition7 sition 7 sition 7 sition 7 sition 7 sition 7 Color filter Color filter1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Colorfilter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.6 99.6 99.4 99.4 99.2 99.6 99.5 ID 23 1956 57 78 35 42 Image A A B B B A A sticking

TABLE 14 Example 50 Example 51 Example 52 Example 53 Example 54 Example55 Example 56 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquidcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compo-compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- sition sition 8 sition8 sition 8 sition 8 sition 8 sition 8 sition 8 Color filter Color filter1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Colorfilter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.6 99.7 99.5 99.5 99.1 99.6 99.6 ID 19 1246 48 70 29 38 Image A A A B B A A sticking

TABLE 15 Example 50 Example 51 Example 52 Example 53 Example 54 Example55 Example 56 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquidcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compo-compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- sition sition 9 sition9 sition 9 sition 9 sition 9 sition 9 sition 9 Color filter Color filter1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Colorfilter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.5 99.5 99.3 99.3 99.0 99.4 99.4 ID 28 2364 62 80 43 50 Image A A A B B A A sticking

In the liquid crystal display devices of Examples 43 to 63, high VHRsand low IDs were achieved. In the evaluation of image sticking, noresidual image was observed or a residual image was slightly observed,which was at an acceptable level.

Examples 64 to 77

An electrode structure was formed on at least one of first and secondsubstrates, and an alignment film having a horizontal alignment propertywas formed on each of surfaces of the first and second substrates facingeach other. Then, a weak rubbing treatment was performed, an FFS cellwas made, and liquid crystal compositions 10 and 11 described in Table16 were sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate.Subsequently, liquid crystal display devices of Examples 64 to 77 wereproduced using the color filters 1 to 5, 7, and 9 listed in Table 2(d_(gap)=4.0 μm, alignment film AL-1051). The VHR and ID of the producedliquid crystal display devices were measured. The image sticking of theproduced liquid crystal display devices was also evaluated. Tables 17and 18 show the results.

TABLE 16 Name of compound Content (%) Liquid crystal composition 103-Cy-Cy-1d0 39 3-Cy-Cy-1d1 7 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 11 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-3 82-Ph—Ph1—Ph-5 8 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 10 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—Ph3-F 64-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 11 T_(ni)/° C. 76.0 Δn 0.114 Δε 6.0 γ1/mPa · s77 η/mPa · s 13.3 Liquid crystal composition 11 3-Cy-Cy-1d0 443-Cy-Cy-1d1 3 2-Ph—Ph-3d1 13 3-Cy-Ph—Ph-2 7 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-3 83-Ph—Ph1—Ph-3 7 3-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 9 4-Cy-Cy-Ph1—CFFO—Ph3—F 33-Cy-Ph3—Ph1—OCFFF 6 T_(ni)/° C. 77.9 Δn 0.131 Δε 4.6 γ1/mPa · s 74η/mPa · s 12.4

TABLE 17 Example 64 Example 65 Example 66 Example 67 Example 68 Example69 Example 70 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquidcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compo-compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- sition sition 10 sition10 sition 10 sition 10 sition 10 sition 10 sition 10 Color filter Colorfilter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.5 99.6 99.3 99.3 98.9 99.4 99.4 ID20 18 41 42 59 29 34 Image A A A A A A A sticking

TABLE 18 Example 71 Example 72 Example 73 Example 74 Example 75 Example76 Example 77 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquidcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compo-compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- sition sition 11 sition11 sition 11 sition 11 sition 11 sition 11 sition 11 Color filter Colorfilter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.7 99.7 99.4 99.4 99.2 99.6 99.5 ID19 16 40 42 59 27 35 Image A A A A B A A sticking

In the liquid crystal display devices of Examples 64 to 77, high VHRsand low IDs were achieved. In the evaluation of image sticking, noresidual image was observed or a residual image was slightly observed,which was at an acceptable level.

Examples 78 to 91

Liquid crystal compositions 12 and 13 listed in Table 19 were sandwichedas in Example 64. Liquid crystal display devices of Examples 78 to 91were produced using the color filters 1 to 5, 7, and 9 listed in Table 2and the VHR and ID were measured. The image sticking of the liquidcrystal display devices was also evaluated. Tables 20 and 21 show theresults.

TABLE 19 Name of compound Content (%) Liquid crystal composition 123-Cy-Cy-1d0 47 3-Cy-Cy-1d1 9 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-2 7 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-3 42-Ph—Ph1—Ph-5 7 3-Cy-Ph—Ph-Cy-3 2 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-3 6 3-Ph—Ph1—Ph-3 73-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 2 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 2 3-Cy-Ph—Ph3—Ph1—OCFFF 7T_(ni)/° C. 80.6 Δn 0.122 Δε 6.0 γ1/mPa · s 65 η/mPa · s 11.1 Liquidcrystal composition 13 3-Cy-Cy-1d0 10 3-Cy-Cy-1d1 6 3-Cy-Cy-1d1-F 280d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 11 0d3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 10 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph—3 10 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph—5 105-Cy-Ph—Ph1—Ph-2 2 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 7 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—CFFO—Ph3—F 6T_(ni)/° C. 80.0 Δn 0.110 Δε 5.9 γ1/mPa · s 68 η/mPa · s 11.6

TABLE 20 Example 78 Example 79 Example 80 Example 81 Example 82 Example83 Example 84 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquidcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compo-compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- sition sition 12 sition12 sition 12 sition 12 sition 12 sition 12 sition 12 Color filter Colorfilter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.7 99.8 99.6 99.6 99.3 99.7 99.6 ID19 13 44 44 70 29 37 Image A A A A B A A sticking

TABLE 21 Example 85 Example 86 Example 87 Example 88 Example 89 Example90 Example 91 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquidcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compo-compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- sition sition 13 sition13 sition 13 sition 13 sition 13 sition 13 sition 13 Color filter Colorfilter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.6 99.6 99.3 99.3 99.2 99.5 99.4 ID25 20 55 53 72 37 46 Image A A B B B A A sticking

In the liquid crystal display devices of Examples 78 to 91, high VHRsand low IDs were achieved. In the evaluation of image sticking, noresidual image was observed or a residual image was slightly observed,which was at an acceptable level.

Examples 92 to 98

A liquid crystal composition 14 was prepared by mixing 0.3 mass % ofbismethacrylic acid biphenyl-4,4′-diyl with the liquid crystalcomposition 10 used in Example 64. The liquid crystal composition 14 wasset in the TN cell. A polymerization treatment was performed byperforming irradiation with ultraviolet rays (3.0 J/cm²) for 600 secondswhile applying a driving voltage between electrodes. Liquid crystaldisplay devices of Examples 92 to 98 were then produced using the colorfilters 1 to 5, 7, and 9 listed in Table 2 and the VHR and ID weremeasured. The image sticking of the liquid crystal display devices wasalso evaluated. Table 22 shows the results.

TABLE 22 Example 92 Example 93 Example 94 Example 95 Example 96 Example97 Example 98 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquidcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compo-compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- sition sition 14 sition14 sition 14 sition 14 sition 14 sition 14 sition 14 Color filter Colorfilter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.6 99.7 99.4 99.4 99.1 99.6 99.5 ID19 14 42 43 65 26 33 Image A A A A B A A sticking

In the liquid crystal display devices of Examples 92 to 98, high VHRsand low IDs were achieved. In the evaluation of image sticking, noresidual image was observed or a residual image was slightly observed,which was at an acceptable level.

Examples 99 to 105

A liquid crystal composition 15 was prepared by mixing 0.3 mass % ofbismethacrylic acid biphenyl-4,4′-diyl with the liquid crystalcomposition 8 used in Example 50. The liquid crystal composition 15 wasset in the IPS cell. A polymerization treatment was performed byperforming irradiation with ultraviolet rays (3.0 J/cm²) for 600 secondswhile applying a driving voltage between electrodes. Liquid crystaldisplay devices of Examples 99 to 105 were then produced using the colorfilters 1 to 5, 7, and 9 listed in Table 2 and the VHR and ID weremeasured. The image sticking of the liquid crystal display devices wasalso evaluated. Table 23 shows the results.

TABLE 23 Example 99 Example100 Example101 Example102 Example103Example104 Example 105 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcompo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- sition sition 15sition 15 sition 15 sition 15 sition 15 sition 15 sition 15 Color filterColor filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter5 Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.5 99.6 99.4 99.3 99.1 99.5 99.5ID 25 19 48 49 60 31 39 Image A A A A B A A sticking

In the liquid crystal display devices of Examples 99 to 105, high VHRsand low IDs were achieved. In the evaluation of image sticking, noresidual image was observed or a residual image was slightly observed,which was at an acceptable level.

Examples 106 to 112

A liquid crystal composition 16 was prepared by mixing 0.3 mass % ofbismethacrylic acid 3-fluorobiphenyl-4,4′-diyl with the liquid crystalcomposition 6 used in Example 36. The liquid crystal composition 16 wasset in the FFS cell. A polymerization treatment was performed byperforming irradiation with ultraviolet rays (3.0 J/cm²) for 600 secondswhile applying a driving voltage between electrodes. Liquid crystaldisplay devices of Examples 106 to 112 were then produced using thecolor filters 1 to 5, 7, and 9 listed in Table 2 and the VHR and ID weremeasured. The image sticking of the liquid crystal display devices wasalso evaluated. Table 24 shows the results.

TABLE 24 Example 106 Example 107 Example 108 Example 109 Example 110Example 111 Example 112 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcompo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- compo- sition sition 16sition 16 sition 16 sition 16 sition 16 sition 16 sition 16 Color filterColor filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter5 Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.5 99.5 99.3 99.3 99.0 99.4 99.4ID 27 23 54 56 76 40 48 Image A A B B B A A sticking

In the liquid crystal display devices of Examples 106 to 112, high VHRsand low IDs were achieved. In the evaluation of image sticking, noresidual image was observed or a residual image was slightly observed,which was at an acceptable level.

Examples 113 to 119

A liquid crystal composition 17 listed in Table 25 was sandwiched as inExample 64. Liquid crystal display devices of Examples 113 to 119 wereproduced using the color filters 1 to 5, 7, and 9 listed in Table 2 andthe VHR and ID were measured. The image sticking of the liquid crystaldisplay devices was also evaluated. Table 26 shows the results.

TABLE 25 Liquid crystal composition 17 Name of compound Content (%)3-Cy-Cy-1d0 30 3-Cy-Cy-1d1 7 3-Cy-Ph—O2 5 5-Cy-Ph—O2 5 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 102-Ph—Ph1—Ph-3 8 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-5 8 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 10 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F6 4-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 11 T_(ni)/° C. 74.0 Δn 0.121 Δε 6.3 γ1/mPa · s89 η/mPa · s 18.5

TABLE 26 Example 113 Example 114 Example 115 Example 116 Example 117Example 118 Example 119 Liquid Liquid crystal Liquid crystal Liquidcrystal Liquid crystal Liquid crystal Liquid crystal Liquid crystalcrystal composition composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 Color filterColor filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter5 Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 99.6 99.6 99.4 99.4 99.1 99.5 99.5ID 20 19 54 52 72 37 43 Image A A B B B A A sticking

In the liquid crystal display devices of Examples 113 to 119, high VHRsand low IDs were achieved. In the evaluation of image sticking, noresidual image was observed or a residual image was slightly observed,which was at an acceptable level.

Comparative Examples 1 to 7

A comparative liquid crystal composition 1 described below was set inthe IPS cell used in Example 1. Table 27 shows the physical propertiesof the comparative liquid crystal composition. Liquid crystal displaydevices of Comparative Examples 1 to 7 were produced using the colorfilters 1 to 5, 7, and 9 listed in Table 2 and the VHR and ID weremeasured. The image sticking of the liquid crystal display devices wasalso evaluated. Table 28 shows the results.

[Chem. 22] Chemical structure Proportion Abbreviation

27% 4-Cy—VO—Ph-1

20% 5-Cy—VO—Ph-1

20% 5-Cy—VO—Ph-3

 8% 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F

13% 3-Cy—Cy—CFFO—Ph3—F

12% 3-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F

TABLE 27 T_(NI)/° C. 69.3 Δn 0.096 no 1.484 ε_(⊥) 5.5 Δε 4.8 η/mPa · s30.3

TABLE 28 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example5 Example 6 Example 7 Liquid Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative crystal liquid crystalliquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal composition composition 1 composition 1composition 1 composition 1 composition 1 composition 1 composition 1Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4Color filter 5 Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 98.0 98.2 97.4 97.497.1 97.7 97.5 ID 152 144 183 185 212 164 176 Image D C D D D D Dsticking

In the liquid crystal display devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 7,the VHRs were decreased and the IDs were increased compared with theliquid crystal display devices of the present invention. In theevaluation of image sticking, a residual image was observed, which wasat an unacceptable level.

Comparative Examples 8 to 21

Comparative liquid crystal compositions 2 and 3 listed in Table 29 weresandwiched as in Example 1. Liquid crystal display devices ofComparative Examples 8 to 21 were produced using the color filters 1 to5, 7, and 9 listed in Table 2 and the VHR and ID were measured. Theimage sticking of the liquid crystal display devices was also evaluated.Tables 30 and 31 show the results.

TABLE 29 Name of compound Content (%) Comparative liquid crystalcomposition 2 2-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 12 3-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 10 5-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 62-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 9 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 8 4-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 7 2-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F12 3-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 10 2-Cy-Py-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 5.5 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—F 5.50d1-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 15 T_(ni)/° C. 75.7 Δn 0.093 γ1/mPa · s 146Comparative liquid crystal composition 3 2-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 12 3-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F10 2-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 8 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 8 4-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 75-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 4 2-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 12 3-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 4 2-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F12 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—F 8 0d1-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 15 T_(ni)/° C. 75.0 Δn 0.093γ1/mPa · s 139

TABLE 30 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Example 8 Example 9 Example 10 Example 11Example 12 Example 13 Example 14 Liquid Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative crystalliquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal composition composition 2composition 2 composition 2 composition 2 composition 2 composition 2composition 2 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 98.298.3 97.7 97.7 97.4 98.0 97.9 ID 149 141 177 178 201 160 169 Image C C DD D D D sticking

TABLE 31 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Example 15 Example 16 Example 17 Example 18Example 19 Example 20 Example 21 Liquid Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative crystalliquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal composition composition 3composition 3 composition 3 composition 3 composition 3 composition 3composition 3 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 98.398.4 97.6 97.6 97.3 98.0 97.8 ID 151 142 182 180 206 163 170 Image C C DD D D D sticking

In the liquid crystal display devices of Comparative Examples 8 to 21,the VHRs were decreased and the IDs were increased compared with theliquid crystal display devices of the present invention. In theevaluation of image sticking, a residual image was observed, which wasat an unacceptable level.

Comparative Examples 22 to 35

Comparative liquid crystal compositions 4 and 5 listed in Table 32 weresandwiched as in Example 1. Liquid crystal display devices ofComparative Examples 22 to 35 were produced using the color filters 1 to5, 7, and 9 listed in Table 2 and the VHR and ID were measured. Theimage sticking of the liquid crystal display devices was also evaluated.Tables 33 and 34 show the results.

TABLE 32 Name of compound Content (%) Comparative liquid crystalcomposition 4 4-Cy-Cy-1d0 15 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 4 0d3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 143-Cy-Ph—Ph-Cy-3 3 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1-Cy-3 4 1-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 9 2-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 103-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 10 5-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 5 3-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 8 5-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 73-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—F 3 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 8 T_(ni)/° C. 101.0 Δn 0.095 Δε 8.2γ1/mPa · s 115 η/mPa · s 23.6 Comparative liquid crystal composition 52-Cy-Cy-1d0 32 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 4 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-3 10 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-5 113-Ph—Ph1—Ph-5 7 2-Cy-Cy-Ph—F 6 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—F 21 5-Cy-Ph—Ph—F 73-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 2 T_(ni)/° C. 77.2 Δn 0.135 Δε 4.5 γ1/mPa · s 57 η/mPa · s10.5

TABLE 33 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Example 22 Example 23 Example 24 Example 25Example 26 Example 27 Example 28 Liquid Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative crystalliquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal composition composition 4composition 4 composition 4 composition 4 composition 4 composition 4composition 4 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 98.198.3 97.6 97.6 97.4 97.9 97.8 ID 154 148 184 185 214 170 176 Image D C DD D D D sticking

TABLE 34 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Example 29 Example 30 Example 31 Example 32Example 33 Example 34 Example 35 Liquid Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative crystalliquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal composition composition 5composition 5 composition 5 composition 5 composition 5 composition 5composition 5 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 98.098.1 97.6 97.6 97.2 97.9 97.8 ID 145 139 169 170 197 153 161 Image C C DD D D D sticking

In the liquid crystal display devices of Comparative Examples 22 to 35,the VHRs were decreased and the IDs were increased compared with theliquid crystal display devices of the present invention. In theevaluation of image sticking, a residual image was observed, which wasat an unacceptable level.

Comparative Examples 36 to 56

Comparative liquid crystal compositions 6 to 8 listed in Table 35 weresandwiched as in Example 1. Liquid crystal display devices ofComparative Examples 36 to 56 were produced using the color filters 1 to5, 7, and 9 listed in Table 2 and the VHR and ID were measured. Theimage sticking of the liquid crystal display devices was also evaluated.Tables 36 to 38 show the results.

TABLE 35 Name of compound Content (%) Comparative liquid crystalcomposition 6 4-Cy-Cy-1d0 18 3-Cy-Cy-4 15 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 8 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-310 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-5 6 3-Ph—Ph1—Ph-5 6 2-Cy-Cy-Ph—F 6 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—F 105-Cy-Ph—Ph—F 7 3-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 14 T_(ni)/° C. 73.5 Δn 0.126 Δε 4.9 γ1/mPa· s 94 η/mPa · s 16.9 Comparative liquid crystal composition 74-Cy-Cy-1d0 18 3-Cy-Cy-4 15 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 8 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-3 102-Ph—Ph1—Ph-5 6 3-Ph—Ph1—Ph-5 5 2-Cy-Cy-Ph—F 6 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—F 55-Cy-Ph—Ph—F 7 3-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 15 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 5 T_(ni)/° C. 75.7 Δn0.125 Δε 5.5 γ1/mPa · s 103 η/mPa · s 18.4 Comparative liquid crystalcomposition 8 4-Cy-Cy-1d0 17 3-Cy-Cy-4 15 0d3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 8 3-Cy-Ph—Ph-210 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-5 7 3-Ph—Ph1—Ph-5 7 2-Cy-Cy-Ph—F 6 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—F 55-Cy-Ph—Ph—F 7 3-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 14 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 4 T_(ni)/° C. 85.3 Δn0.128 Δε 4.8 γ1/mPa · s 107 η/mPa · s 19.0

TABLE 36 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Example 36 Example 37 Example 38 Example 39Example 40 Example 41 Example 42 Liquid Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative crystalliquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal composition composition 6composition 6 composition 6 composition 6 composition 6 composition 6composition 6 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 98.198.2 97.6 97.6 97.1 97.8 97.8 ID 138 130 172 174 208 147 155 Image C C DD D D D sticking

TABLE 37 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Example 43 Example 44 Example 45 Example 46Example 47 Example 48 Example 49 Liquid Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative crystalliquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal composition composition 7composition 7 composition 7 composition 7 composition 7 composition 7composition 7 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 98.398.3 97.8 97.8 97.3 98.2 98.1 ID 144 139 175 173 201 154 164 Image C C DD D D D sticking

TABLE 38 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Example 50 Example 51 Example 52 Example 53Example 54 Example 55 Example 56 Liquid Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative crystalliquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal composition composition 8composition 8 composition 8 composition 8 composition 8 composition 8composition 8 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 98.498.6 97.5 97.6 97.3 98.1 97.9 ID 133 129 170 174 224 151 163 Image D C DD D D D sticking

In the liquid crystal display devices of Comparative Examples 36 to 56,the VHRs were decreased and the IDs were increased compared with theliquid crystal display devices of the present invention. In theevaluation of image sticking, a residual image was observed, which wasat an unacceptable level.

Comparative Examples 57 to 77

Comparative liquid crystal compositions 9 to 11 listed in Table 39 weresandwiched as in Example 1. Liquid crystal display devices ofComparative Examples 57 to 77 were produced using the color filters 1 to5, 7, and 9 listed in Table 2 and the VHR and ID were measured. Theimage sticking of the liquid crystal display devices was also evaluated.Tables 40 to 42 show the results.

TABLE 39 Name of compound Content (%) Comparative liquid crystalcomposition 9 2-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 10 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph1—F 8 2-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 43-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 10 2-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 6 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 8 1-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F9 5-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 5 0d3-Ph-T-Ph-3d0 15 3-Cy-Ph-T-Ph-2 14 0d3-Ph—N—Ph-3d0 43-Ph—VO-Cy-VO—Ph-3 4 3-Cy-Cy-VO—Ph-Cy-3 3 T_(ni)/° C. 101.6 Δn 0.153 Δε9.2 γ1/mPa · s 101 η/mPa · s 23.7 Comparative liquid crystal composition10 2-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 10 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph1—F 8 2-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 43-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 10 2-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 6 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 8 1-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F9 5-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 5 0d3-Ph-T-Ph-3d0 10 3-Cy-Ph3-T-Ph9-1 4 4-Ph-T-Ph—O2 43-Cy-Ph-T-Ph-2 7 5-Cy-VO—Ph-1 5 3-Ph—VO-Cy-VO—Ph-3 7 3-Cy-Cy-VO—Ph-Cy-33 T_(ni)/° C. 96.4 Δn 0.137 Δε 8.8 γ1/mPa · s 90 η/mPa · s 25.9Comparative liquid crystal composition 11 2-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 100d1-Cy-Cy-Ph1—F 8 3-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 10 2-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 63-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 8 5-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 5 0d3-Ph-T-Ph-3d0 10 3-Cy-Ph3-T-Ph9-14 3-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 4 4-Ph-T-Ph—O2 4 5-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 9 5-Cy-VO—Ph-15 0d3-Ph—N—Ph-3d0 7 3-Ph—VO-Cy-VO—Ph-3 7 3-Cy-Cy-VO—Ph-Cy-3 3 T_(ni)/°C. 99.2 Δn 0.136 Δε 7.8 γ1/mPa · s 105 η/mPa · s 26.6

TABLE 40 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Example 57 Example 58 Example 59 Example 60Example 61 Example 62 Example 63 Liquid Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative crystalliquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal composition composition 9composition 9 composition 9 composition 9 composition 9 composition 9composition 9 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR 98.398.4 97.9 97.9 97.4 98.2 97.2 ID 149 145 179 181 209 162 172 Image D C DD D D D sticking

TABLE 41 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Example 64 Example 65 Example 66 Example 67Example 68 Example 69 Example 70 Liquid Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative crystalliquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR98.2 98.3 97.8 97.7 97.3 98.1 98.0 ID 154 148 176 177 205 160 168 ImageC C D D D D D sticking

TABLE 42 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Example 71 Example 72 Example 73 Example 74Example 75 Example 76 Example 77 Liquid Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative crystalliquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition11 11 11 11 11 11 11 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 7 Color filter 9 VHR98.1 98.2 97.7 97.7 97.2 97.9 97.8 ID 150 145 170 172 202 159 163 ImageD C D D D D D sticking

In the liquid crystal display devices of Comparative Examples 57 to 77,the VHRs were decreased and the IDs were increased compared with theliquid crystal display devices of the present invention. In theevaluation of image sticking, a residual image was observed, which wasat an unacceptable level.

Comparative Examples 78 to 101

Liquid crystal display devices of Comparative Examples 78 to 101 wereproduced in the same manner, except that the color filters 6, 8, and 10listed in Table 2 were used instead of the color filter 1 in Examples 8,22, 29, 43, 64, 78, 99, and 106. The VHR and ID were measured. The imagesticking of the liquid crystal display devices was also evaluated.Tables 43 to 45 show the results.

TABLE 43 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example Example Example ExampleExample Example Example Example 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition2 composition 4 composition 5 composition 7 composition compositioncomposition composition 10 12 15 16 Color filter Color filter 6 Colorfilter 6 Color filter 6 Color filter 6 Color filter 6 Color filter 6Color filter 6 Color filter 6 VHR 98.5 98.4 98.3 98.3 98.1 98.5 98.398.1 ID 114 102 109 118 106 116 105 126 Image D C C D D D D D sticking

TABLE 44 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example Example Example ExampleExample Example Example Example 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition2 composition 4 composition 5 composition 7 composition compositioncomposition composition 10 12 15 16 Color filter Color filter 8 Colorfilter 8 Color filter 8 Color filter 8 Color filter 8 Color filter 8Color filter 8 Color filter 8 VHR 98.5 98.4 98.4 98.3 98.1 98.6 98.398.2 ID 110 98 102 115 101 112 100 122 Image C C D D D D D D sticking

TABLE 45 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example Example Example ExampleExample Example Example Example 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition2 composition 4 composition 5 composition 7 composition compositioncomposition composition 10 12 15 16 Color filter Color filter Colorfilter Color filter Color filter Color filter Color filter Color filterColor filter 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 VHR 98.5 98.3 98.3 98.3 98.0 98.498.3 98.1 ID 118 111 117 121 113 125 113 135 Image D D D D D D D Dsticking

In the liquid crystal display devices of Comparative Examples 78 to 101,the VHRs were decreased and the IDs were increased compared with theliquid crystal display devices of the present invention. In theevaluation of image sticking, a residual image was observed, which wasat an unacceptable level.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A liquid crystal display device comprisinga first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal compositionlayer sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate, acolor filter constituted by a black matrix and at least RGB three-colorpixel portions, a pixel electrode, and a common electrode, wherein theliquid crystal composition layer contains a liquid crystal compositionthat contains one or more compounds represented by general formula (I),

(in the formula, R³¹ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbonatoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl grouphaving 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 10carbon atoms; M³¹ to M³³ each independently represent atrans-1,4-cyclohexylene group or a 1,4-phenylene group, one or two —CH₂—in the trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group may be substituted with —O— as longas oxygen atoms are not directly adjacent to each other, and one or twohydrogen atoms in the phenylene group may be substituted with fluorineatoms; X³¹ and X³² each independently represent a hydrogen atom or afluorine atom; Z³¹ represents a fluorine atom, a trifluoromethoxy group,or a trifluoromethyl group; n³¹ and n³² each independently represent 0,1, or 2 and n³¹+n³² is 0, 1, or 2; and when a plurality of M³¹ and M³³are present, the plurality of M³¹ may be the same or different and theplurality of M³³ may be the same or different) and that contains one ormore compounds selected from the group consisting of compoundsrepresented by general formula (II-a) to general formula (II-f),

(in the formulae, R¹⁹ to R³⁰ each independently represent an alkyl grouphaving 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbonatoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; and X²¹represents a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom), the color filter is acolor filter containing an organic pigment, the organic pigment having aslope parameter of 2 or less, wherein in a scattering profile analysisof the organic pigment in the color filter, the analysis including astep (A) of measuring an ultra-small angle X-ray profile of the organicpigment by ultra-small angle X-ray scattering, a step (B) of calculatinga curve point on the scattering profile, a step (C) of calculating ananalysis region (c1) set in accordance with the curve point, and a step(D) of calculating the slope parameter in the analysis region c1.
 2. Theliquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the organicpigment has a slope parameter of 1.5 or less.
 3. The liquid crystaldisplay device according to claim 1, wherein in the color filter, avolume fraction of particles having a particle size of 100 nm or moreand 1000 nm or less relative to all particles of the organic pigment is7% or less.
 4. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1,wherein the organic pigment has a maximum transmission wavelength of 600nm or more and 700 nm or less.
 5. The liquid crystal display deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein the organic pigment has a maximumtransmission wavelength of 500 nm or more and 600 nm or less.
 6. Theliquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the organicpigment has a maximum transmission wavelength of 400 nm or more and 500nm or less.
 7. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1,wherein the organic pigment is dispersed in a coating film formed on aglass substrate.
 8. The liquid crystal display device according to claim1, wherein the compounds represented by the general formula (I) arecompounds represented by general formula (I-a) to general formula (I-f),

(in the formulae, R³² represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbonatoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl grouphaving 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 10carbon atoms; X³¹ to X³⁸ each independently represent a hydrogen atom ora fluorine atom; and Z³¹ represents a fluorine atom, a trifluoromethoxygroup, or a trifluoromethyl group).
 9. The liquid crystal display deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal composition layerfurther contains one or more compounds selected from the groupconsisting of compounds represented by general formula (III-a) togeneral formula (III-f),

(in the formulae, R⁴¹ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbonatoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl grouphaving 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 10carbon atoms; X⁴¹ to X⁴⁸ each independently represent a hydrogen atom ora fluorine atom; and Z⁴¹ represents a fluorine atom, a trifluoromethoxygroup, or a trifluoromethyl group).
 10. The liquid crystal displaydevice according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal compositionlayer contains a polymer obtained by polymerizing a liquid crystalcomposition containing one or more polymerizable compounds.
 11. Theliquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the liquidcrystal composition layer contains a bifunctional monomer represented bygeneral formula (V),

(in the formula, X⁵¹ and X⁵² each independently represent a hydrogenatom or a methyl group; Sp¹ and Sp² each independently represent asingle bond, an alkylene group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or—O—(CH₂)_(s)— (where s represents an integer of 2 to 7 and the oxygenatom bonds to an aromatic ring); Z⁵¹ represents —OCH₂—, —CH₂O—, —COO—,—OCO—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CF₂CF₂—, —CH═CH—COO—, —CH═CH—OCO—,—COO—CH═CH—, —OCO—CH═CH—, —COO—CH₂CH₂—, —OCO—CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—COO—,—CH₂CH₂—OCO—, —COO—CH₂—, —OCO—CH₂—, —CH₂—COO—, —CH₂—OCO—, —CY¹═CY²—(where Y¹ and Y² each independently represent a fluorine atom or ahydrogen atom), —C≡C—, or a single bond; and M⁵¹ represents a1,4-phenylene group, a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group, or a single bondand, in all the 1,4-phenylene groups in the formula, any of hydrogenatoms may be substituted with fluorine atoms).